Unit1
▪As is well known, the energy crisis has been with us for a long time, and will be with us for an even longer time. It has become evident in the past few years that the amount of fossil fuel in the earth’s substrata is not an infinite source of energy. Due toa steady increase in industrial and technological demand, an energy shortage is highly probable if the industrialized nations do not conserve existing resources and establish alternative ones . The fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas, are rapidly diminishing in supply as consumption increases. Clearly, a replacement for these natural sources of energy is required. Several possible alternatives have been suggested , such as solar, geothermal and nuclear energy. Solar energy has the obvious advantage thatthe sun is an inexhaustible and abundant source which is free of both pollution and radioactivity. A lot of research is currently directed at discovering ways of harnessing solar power cheaply and efficiently, and of storing solar energy in reasoning small spaces. Geothermal energy, which involves stored underground reservoirs of steam, is also pollution-free. Nuclear fission, a process whereby a uranium nucleus absorbs a neutron, is not. The reaction causes the nucleus to split into higher elem
ents, producing a large quantity of heat. The by-products of this reaction are dangerously radioactive.
▪众所周知，能源危机已经伴随我们很长时间，并将与我们更长的时间。它在过去几年已经变得很明显，在地球的基质的化石燃料的量是不是一个无限的能量源。利用工业和技术的持续的需求，如果工业化国家不节约现有资源和建立替代的能源短缺是非常可能的。化石燃料，陈和平煤，石油和天然气，迅速减少供应的消费增长。显然，这些天然能源的替代是必需的。几个可能的替代方案已经被提出，如太阳能，地热能和核能。太阳能具有明显的优势，太阳是一个取之不尽、用之不竭的丰富来源，这是免费的污染和放射性的。现在大量的研究集中在发现太阳能利用廉价和有效的方式，并在推理小的空间存储太阳能。地热能源，包括地下蒸汽储藏的，也无公害。核裂变，一个铀原子核吸收一个中子，不。该反应导致原子核分裂成更高的元素，产生大量的热。该反应的副产物是危险的放射性。 ▪Unit2
▪On an average of six times a day, a doctor in Holland practices "active" euthanasia: intentionally administering a lethal drug to a terminally ill patient who has asked to be reli
eved of suffering. Twenty times a day, life-prolonging treatments are withheld or withdrawn when there is no hope that it can effect an ultimate cure."Active" euthanasia remains a crime on the Dutch statute books, punishable by 12 years in prison. But a series of court cases over the past 15 years mla has made it clear that a competent physician who carries it out will not be prosecuted.
▪膨胀珍珠岩板Euthanasia is a crime 混凝土氯离子 everywhere in Western Europe. But more and more doctors and nurses in Britain, West Germany, Holland and elsewhere readily admit to practicing it , most often in the "passive" form of withholding or withdrawing treatment. The long simmering euthanasia issue has lately boiled over into a sometimes fierce public debate, with both sides claiming the mantle of ultimate righteousness. Those opposed to the practice see themselves upholding sacred principles of respect for life, while those in favor raise the banner of humane treatment. After years on the defensive, the advocates now seem to be gaining ground. Recent polls in Britain show that 72 percent of British subjects favor euthanasia in some circumstances. An astonishing 76 percent of respondents to a poll in France said they would like the law changed .
▪Euthanasia has been a topic of controversy since 1936, when a bill was introduced in the House of Lords that would have legalized mercy killings under very tightly supervised conditions. That bill failed, so have three others introduced in the Lords since then. But most euthanasia advocates argue that every human being should have the right to "die with dignity" - to escape the horrors of a painful or degrading hospitalization.
▪平均每天六次，荷兰医生实行“积极的”安乐死：一个身患绝症的病人，他已要求解除痛苦的故意给予致命药物。二十次，延长生命的隐瞒或撤回时，是没有希望的，它可以影响一个终极治愈。“主动”安乐死仍然是一个犯罪的荷兰法规书籍，判处有期徒刑12年。但一系列的诉讼案件在过去的15年里已经说得很清楚，一个称职的医生拿它出来不会被检控。 ▪安乐死是一种犯罪行为无处不在西欧。但是，越来越多的医生和护士在英国，西德，荷兰和其他地方容易承认练，最常见的“被动”的形式代扣代缴或撤销处理。近来煮长憋着安乐死问题有时激烈的公开辩论，双方都声称自己的衣钵最终义。那些反对的做法，看到自己坚持尊重生命的神圣原则，同时有利于提高人道待遇的旗帜。经过多年在防守上，主张 现在似乎抬头。在英国最近的民意调查显示，72％的英国臣民在某些情况下，赞成安乐死。一个惊人的76％的受访者表示，在法国的一项民意调查，他们希望改变法律。
▪安乐死一直是争议的话题，自1936年以来，当引入了一项法案，众议院上议院非常严格监督的条件下，将安乐死合法化。该法案失败，所以从那时起，其他三人在上议院介绍。但大多数安乐死的倡导者认为，每个人应有的权利，“死得有尊严” - 逃脱恐怖的痛苦或有辱人格的住院。
▪Unit3
▪The theory of evolution presented by Darwin and Wallace is perhaps the most fundamental and important reduction of biology. No idea has had a greater effect on the development of science. Nevertheless , two gaps in the theory were to lead to a half century of intensive controversy machine civilizationamong scientists. One was that the theory did not explain the source of variation noted among the members of a species. What mechanism produces the stable variation that can be selected and passed on to offspring? The second weakness involved the transmission of characters from parents to offspring. 朱家尖岛Da
rwin and Wallace's day, inheritance was generally believed to "blend“ the characteristics of the parents, Such blending, it seemed, would always dilute the favorable characteristics and produce intermediate types; there was hence no possibility of producing the highly adapted species observed in nature. How were the favorable characteristics of the survivors, once selected for, preserved intact and passed on to the next generation? Answers to these criticisms had to await the findings of genetics. Although Mendel was a contemporary of Darwin and Wallace, and discovered genes and their manner of transmission from parents to offspring during the 1860s,another 40 years were to pass before this information was recognized or understood by biologists. With the rapid development of genetics after 1900,the major gaps in evolutionary theory were filled in . Scientists realized that gene mutation is the ultimate source of the variability observed in nature. Moreover , the existence of genes and alleles as hereditary units that are passed unchanged from parents to offspring fully explained the persistence in later generation of the traits created by mutation and selected by the environment.
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