Writing Practice
How to Write an Abstract
1.王馨流产What is an abstract?
A可贵的沉默教学实录n abstract is a summary of points of a writing presented in skeletal form, which highlights the important information covered in an article or a paper. It helps the reader to find out quickly whether the writing is of their interest or not, and whether they need to read the whole paper or not. Moreover, national or international conference organizers decide whether a participant is eligible or not usually by reviewing the abstract submitted. Therefore, writing a good abstract is of great importance for scholars and researchers.
1.什么是摘要？
摘要是以梗概形式呈现的一篇文章要点的总结，它强调了一篇文章所包含的重要的信息。它 也可以帮助读者快速的了解到是否这篇文章是他们感兴趣的，是否他们需要来阅读整篇文章。而且，国家或国际出版社的编辑通常通过浏览投稿文章的摘要来决定是否投稿人的文章是可以被录用的。因此，对于学者和研究人员来说，写一份好的摘要至关重要。 2.Criteria of a good abstract.
In terms of content, a good abstract states clearly the purpose of the writing, the method used, the findings, the originality, or the implication etc. EI, for example, requires a good abstract in English should answer the following questions:
1)What do you want to do?
2)How did you do it?
3)What results did you get and what conclusion did you draw?
4)What is original in your paper?
To meet the requirements, a good abstract should be accurate, concise, specific, self-con
tained, and coherent.
*Being accurate means that an abstract presents the information that actually occurs in the paper, and avoids vagueness in definition, word choice and elsewhere.
让子弹飞 配乐*Being concise means that an abstract includes only the most important ideals, findings, or implications, etc, and avoids wordy expressions. There is a word limit for abstract of journals or periodicals, usually within 250 words. T少数意见he length varies. One should comply with the specific requirements of the journal that he/she is going to publish his/her paper. However, an abstract should not be over-simplified; otherwise the readers cannot get sufficient information about the paper.
*Being specific means that an abstract should be concrete, and to the point rather than general and indirect so as to reduce vagueness and misunderstanding.
*Being self-contained means an abstract is complete in itself. It covers the important points in the paper, with formalized structure showing the topic, the supporting evidence, and the conclusion.
*Being coherent means that an abstract is logical and make sense. A good abstract uses tense correctly, and avoids too many changes between active voice and passive voice.
2.一份好摘要的必备要素
关于内容，一份好的摘要会清楚明确的叙述写作的目的，使用的方法，最新的发现，文章的原创性，或相关的应用等。以EI期刊为例，它要求一份好的英文摘要应该回答以下的问题： 1）你想干什么？
2）你是怎么做的？
3）你得出了什么样的结果或结论？
4）你论文的原创性是什么？
为了满足这些要求，一份好的摘要应该是准确的，简洁的，具体的，自圆其说的，和连贯一致的。
准确意味着一份摘要所描述的信息要确实在文章中有所呈现，并且要避免定义，字词选择和其他方面的模棱两可。
简洁意味着一份摘要所包含的仅仅是那些重要的观点，发现，或应用等，而且要避免冗长的表达。通常期刊的摘要都有着字数的限制，一般在250字以内。当然，摘要的长度都是因人因文章而异的。学者和研究人员打算发表文章，他们就应该满足他们打算发表的那个期刊的一些特殊要求。然而，一份摘要也不应该过于简单，否则读者就不能够从摘要中获得有关这篇文章足够的信息。
具体意味着一份摘要应该是充实的直击要点的而不是泛泛而谈的，从而减少模棱两可和对文章的误解 。
自圆其说意味着一份摘要本身是完整的。它包含着文章的重要信息，有展示主题的正式结构，支撑的证据和结论。
连贯一致意味着一份摘要是符合逻辑和说得通的。一份好的摘要要使用正确的时态，避免主动和被动语气间的过多转变。
3. Types of abstract.
There are three major types of abstract: descriptive, informative, and the combination of the two.
1)Descriptive (Indicative) Abstract
A镀铬板 descriptive or indicative abstract presents the general subject matter of the paper. It aims at introducing the research briefly, so it does not provide specifics of the research. It tends to be short.
2)Informative (Informational) Abstract
An informative abstract highlights the findings and results. It provides some essential data of the research. Therefore, it tends to be specific and sometimes quantitative.
3）Informational-Indicative Abstract
朝鲜日报中文版An informational-indicative abstract is a combination of the above two types. It includes n
ot only the general information of the research but also the essential data of the finding and result.
An abstract is usually one paragraph of running text, summarizing the most important elements of a paper. No matter what type you choose, which depends, to certain extent, on the specific requirements of the journal, you should enable the readers to gasp the essential elements accurately and quickly.
3.摘要的类型
摘要主要与三种类型：描述性摘要，内容性摘要，描述内容性摘要。
1）描述性（指示性）摘要
描述性或指示性摘要介绍了论文的主题。它旨在简要的介绍有关研究,所以它没有提供具体的研究内容。它往往是较短的。
2）内容性（信息性）摘要
内容性摘要强调发现和结果。它提供了有关研究的一些基本数据。因此，它往往是具体的和量化的。
3）内容指示性摘要
内容指示性摘要是以上两种摘要的结合。它不仅包括有关研究的大体信息，也包括了发现和结果的一些基本数据。
一份摘要在行文中通常以一段来呈现，总结了文章最重要的信息。不管你选择哪种类型的摘要，这在一定程度上依赖于所投期刊的具体要求，你都应该使读者能够准确和迅速的了解文章的基本信息。
4. Steps of writing an abstract
1) Draft the abstract when you finish writing the paper, for you have a clearer picture of all your ideals, findings etc. expressed in the paper.
2) Structure the abstract in almost the same order as your paper. Begin with a key senten
ce stating the subject of the research and indicating the objective of the paper; then continue with a brief summary of the research method, experiment, procedure, investigation, result, analysis, and discussion; finally end with summing up the conclusion.
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