1.宗教改革的定义
cdn服务Definition of the Religious Reformation
宗教改革开始于欧洲16世纪基督教
自上而下的宗教改革运动
, 该运动奠定了新教
基础。同时也瓦解了由天主
教会所主导的政教
体系，为后来王牌拖拉机西方
国家从基督教
统治下的封建社会
过渡到多元化的现代社会
奠定基础。2008美国大选
The religious reformation began in sixteenth Century in Europe, which established the foundations of Protestantism . At the same time, The religious reformation led to the collapse of the political system of the Catholic church. It lays the foundation for the transition from the feudal [ˈfju:dl] society under the Christian rule to the modern society.
2.宗教改革的背景
Background of the Religious Reformation
一. 政治上，欧洲民族主义
观念兴起，要求建立统一的民族国家
，打破天主教
的控制。
In politics,, the concept of European nationalism rise and it requires the establishment of a unified national state in order to break the control of Catholic.
二. 经济上，资产阶级成长起来，要求打破天主教神学的精神束缚，为资本主义发展扫除障碍。
In the economy, the bourgeoisie [ˌbʊəʒwctsbɑ:ˈzi:] grew up and they demanded to break the spiritual [ˈspɪrɪtʃuəl] shackles [ˈʃæklz] of Catholic theology in order to remove obstacles for the development of capitalism.
三围地图
三. 文化上，文艺复兴倡导个人自由、平等、欲望、人性至上，提倡竞争进取和科学求知，为人们挑战天主教会提供了理论和思想依据。
In culture, the Renaissance advocates individual freedom, equality, desire, humanism, advocating competition and scientific knowledge, providing theoretical and ideological basis for people to challenge the Catholic Church.
四. 社会上，当时整个欧洲黑死病蔓延，在黑死病的冲击下，中世纪基督教会的社会调控功
能严重缺失，加速了基督教的衰败。（对死亡的恐惧是人们信奉宗教的根本原因，黑死病之前，中世纪教会鼓吹疾病是上帝惩罚敌人和邪恶人的手段，黑死病的到来颠覆了这一学说。）
On the social side, Bubonic [bju:'bɒnɪk] plague [pleɪg] spread in whole Europe. Under the impact of Bubonic plague, the medieval [ˌmediˈi:vl] Christian Church lack for Social regulation function, which accelerated [æk'seləreɪtɪd] the decline of Christianity .
3.宗教改革的过程
宗教改革发端于德国，德国被称作是“教皇的奶牛”，罗马教廷强加给德国的财政负担最沉重。1517年教皇利奥十世把梅因茨大主教的职位卖给勃兰登堡的亚尔贝特。为了帮助亚尔贝特偿付此项债款，以及筹款修建罗马圣彼得大堂，利奥十世派台彻尔去德国兜售赎罪券。是年10月31日，路德在威登堡教堂门前贴出反对销售赎罪券的《九十五条论纲》（由于当天是万圣节，印刷术的发明，使得《九十五条论纲》在两周之内传遍全德国），从而揭开了宗教改革的序幕。1524～1525年德国大规模农民起义失败后，路德对人民完全失去信心，寄希望于贵族。德国的宗教改革逐渐被诸侯所利用。德国分成两大诸侯集团，大致 为北部和东北部属路德派，南部和西南部属天主教势力范围。
The Religious Reformation began in Germany. Germany is known as the “Pope's cows”. In 1517, the Pope Leo X sold the post of Archbishop Mainz to Arbitt in Brandenburg. In order to help Albert to pay the debt, and raise fund to build Rome St. Peter's Hall, Leo X send Tetzel to Germany to sell indulgences. In October 31st, Luther posted the 95 Theses. After the failure of large-scale peasant uprising in Germany from 1524 to 1525, Luther lost faith in the people. Germany's Religious Reformation was gradually used by princes. Germany is divided into two major groups, the north and northeast belong to Lutheranism, the south and southwest belong to the Catholic Church.
宗教改革在德国爆发，迅速波及西欧各国。在封建势力强大的中央集权君主国家，如英格兰、北欧各国，一般是自上而下进行改革，国王取代教皇成为教会首脑，削弱教廷的地位，建立独立自主的国家教会。法国建立了中央集权的君主专制制度，在一定程度上摆脱了教廷的控制，但仍坚持天主教信仰，反对宗教改革。尼德兰受宗教改革影响，其北方数省成立荷兰共和国，成为欧洲第一个资产阶级共和国。
The Religious Reformation broke out in Germany and spread to Western European countries. Centralized monarchy with powerful feudal forces, such as England and Nordic countries, reform thoroughly from top level to the bottom level. The King became the head of the church replacing the Pope and weakening the position of the Vatican and then established an independent national church. France established a centralized monarchy system. But it still insists on Catholic faith against the religious reform. The Netherlands was affected by religious reform, of which the number of northern provinces set up the Republic of the Netherlands, becoming Europe's first bourgeois republic.
由于天主教反宗教改革的影响，新教未能在南欧主要天主教国家西班牙和意大利取得进展。
The Protestant failed to make progress in the major Catholic countries ( Spain and Italy), due to the impact of the Ant-reformation.
1648年，《威斯特伐利亚和约》的签订标志着宗教专制时代的结束，该合约重申了教随国定的原则。
马洛斯In 1648, the signing of the "Treaty of Westphalia" marks the end of an era of religion
4.宗教改革的影响
Significance
实行宗教宽容或宗教自由是宗教改革的重要成果之一。
One of the important achievements of religious reform is to implement religious tolerance or religious freedom.
新教重视普及教育，把办学作为传教的手段之一。促进了西欧各国民族文化和教育事业的发展。
Protestant emphasis on universal education , which promote the development of national culture and education in Western European countries.
5.宗教改革期间代表人物
马丁·路德
Martin Luther
基督教新教路德宗的创始人，与原来的天主教、东正教形成三足鼎立的新局面。
The founder of the Protestant (Lutheranism) .
在1517年10月31日发表《关于赎罪劵效能的辩论》统称《九十五条论纲》，宣布他反对赎罪劵。
Main works:《95 thesis》(《关于赎罪劵效能的辩论》)
第三十六条指出﹕“真诚悔过的基督徒，就是不购买赎罪券，也能够获得全面免除罪罚的权利 。 ”
Article 36 states: "A sincere repentant Christian is the right to a full exemption from punishment if he does not purchase indulgences."
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