查新项目名称 | 中文：古代残留物性质特征及其埋藏学研究 | |||||
英文：Study on characteristics and taphonomy of ancient residue | ||||||
查新机构 | 名称 | |||||
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负责人 | 电话 | |||||
联系人 | 电话 | |||||
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一、查新目的 科技立项 | ||||||
二、查新项目的科学技术要点 | ||||||
三、查新点与查新要求 查新点： 1.与古代残留物研究相关的现代样本中所包含的残留物分子的理化性质研究及相关数据库建立 2.实验室条件下古代残留物分子的残留机制及其埋藏学条件的研究 查新要求： 1.在所查范围内确定有无相同或类似研究 ； 2.对查新项目分别或者综合进行对比分析； 3.对查新项目的新颖性进行判断。 | ||||||
四、文献检索范围及检索策略 查新使用的数据库： 中国学术期刊网（1994-2010） CNKI中国博士学位论文全文数据库（1999-2010） 万方学位论文数据库（1977-2010） 万方数据数字化期刊数据库（1998-2010） 万方中国科技成果库（1985-2010） 万方中国学术会议论文库（1997-2010） 万方中国专利文摘数据库（1985-2010） 维普中文科技期刊数据库（1989-2010） 中外专利信息服务平台162.105.139.89/cnipr Web of Science (1990-2010) Web of Proceedings (1996-2010) Elsevier(1995-2010) Ei Compendex Web (1969-2010) INSPEC（1969-2010） 查新使用的检索工具书： 关键词： 中文 英文 古代残留物 ancient residue 淀粉粒 starch grain 蛋白质 protein 脂类 lipid 埋藏学 taphonomy 检索式： 1.（古代残留物 or 淀粉粒 or 蛋白质 or 脂类） and 考古 2.(ancient residue or starch grain or protein or lipid) and taphonomy 五、检索结果 按上述关键词，在以上数据库和文献时限内，检索到一些与本课题有关的文献，现选出16篇文献，摘述如下： 1.题名：古代残留物分析在考古中的应用 作者：杨益民 文摘：动植物是人类社会发展的重要基石， 它的利用是人类适应、改造和征服自然的物质基础，古代社会的方方面面都与之相关． 因而动植物及其制品的残留物分析能提供古代社会丰富的信息。残留物分析重点在于从残留物中提取有机物． 利用科学检测手段进行定性定量分析来判断残留物来源，从而了解古代动植物的加工、利用和相关载体的功能等。本文从D N A 、淀粉粒、蛋白质、脂类、炭化物和酒等六个方面简要介绍了残留物分析的方法和进展， 希望能促进残留物分析在中国的开展。 南方文物，2008（02） 2.题名：植物淀粉粒分析在考古学中的应用 作者：杨晓燕，吕厚远，夏正楷 文摘：自上世纪60 年代以来，自然科学的很多研究方法逐渐被应用到考古学，为考古学家提供了更多古人类文化的信息，并衍生出新的研究方向如分子生物考古、环境考古、冶金考古和植物考古等等。植物考古以考古出土的植物遗存为研究对象，借助一些植物学的方法认识和了解古代人与植物的相互关系，比如古代人类经济生活、农作物的起源和传播、生态环境对人类生活的影响等方面。大植物遗存、孢粉和植硅体成为植物考古的主要研究对象。大植物遗存在中国考古学研究中广泛应用，浮选法更是在赵志军先生的努力下逐渐在各个考古求掘工地推广，但将考古遗址中的抱粉、植硅体、淀粉粒等微体化石应用到考古学中还留有很大的发展空间。孢粉分析虽然在国内考古学中应用非常广泛，但大多只限于环境背景的恢复，李宜垠对伴人植物花粉做过一些探讨，使孢粉分析在考古学中的应用更进一步;植硅体在中国稻作农业研究中取得了比较满意的成果；至于近二十年来在澳大利亚和中美洲地区植物考古中应用比较广泛的淀粉粒分析(Starchgrains analysis) ，在国内几乎还没有出现，文献所见只有香港中文大学吕烈丹博士的一篇短文。她在介绍考古器物的残余物分析时，对淀粉粒分析在考古中的应用进行了简单介绍，并提及到她对南方洞穴遗址中淀粉粒保存与埋藏环境的研究。本文详细总结了淀粉粒分析在国外考古学中的应用现状和实验方法，以期促进植物考古学在我国考古学中更深入和广泛的研究。 考古与文物，2006（3） 3.题名：粟、黍和狗尾草的淀粉粒形态比较及其在植物考古研究中的潜在意义 作者：杨晓燕, 吕厚远, 刘东生, 韩家懋 文摘：为了区分农作物与野生草类的淀粉粒形态,对现代粟(Setaria italica) 、黍( Panicum m iliaceum )和狗尾草(Setaria viridis)的淀粉粒形态进行了比较。观察结果表明,粟的淀粉粒以圆球形单粒为主,脐点位于中央,大部分由脐点向外有1～3条放射线,表面光滑,淀粉粒平均长度约19 m。黍的淀粉粒以多角形单粒为主,脐点位于中央,但很多淀粉粒的脐点不是很明显。在一些脐点形成1～3条射线,表面光滑,淀粉粒平均长度约为19 m。狗尾草淀粉粒以卵形为主,脐点位于中央,表面可见层纹,边缘凹凸不平且常有裂隙形成,淀粉粒平均长度约为18 m。研究证明,利用粟、黍和狗尾草的淀粉粒形态特征,可以有效地对考古遗存中的这几种禾本科植物遗迹进行区分。 第四纪研究 25, 224-227 4.题名：北京平谷上宅遗址磨盘磨棒功能分析：来自植物淀粉粒的证据 作者：杨晓燕, 郁金城, 吕厚远, 崔天兴, 郭京宁, 刁现民, 孔昭宸, 刘长江, 葛全胜 文摘：传统考古学认为, 史前考古遗址出土的大量磨盘和磨棒是一种农具, 用于加工谷物, 是农业出现的象征, 近年来虽有异议, 但缺乏直接证据. 本文利用淀粉粒分析对北京平谷上宅遗址（7500-7000 cal a BP）出土的一件磨盘和一件磨棒进行了研究. 从石器表面残留物上提取出的淀粉粒, 可分为9 类12 种. 其中, 最多的是来自栎属 (Quercus)果实(橡子)的淀粉粒; 其次是来自粟 (Setaria italica) 的淀粉粒. 栎属中包括蒙古栎 (Q. mongolicus)、麻栎 (Q. acuttssima) 和槲树 (Q. dentata) 的淀粉粒，另有一定数量的黍 (P. miliaceum)和小豆属 (Vigna) 淀粉粒, 其余杂草类及可能为块茎类的淀粉粒无法鉴定归属. 磨盘磨棒上植物种类的多样性代表了磨盘磨棒使用功能的多样性, 即这些器物不是只用来加工谷物, 更不能作为农业出现的标志.这些石器被用于加工各种需要碾磨和脱粒的植物果实或者块茎. 同时磨盘磨棒上的植物组合也反映了7000年前, 北京平原上人类社会的经济方式以采集与农业并重，日常饮食包括了粟、黍、橡子以及一些块茎类和杂草类植物的种子和果实, 当时的气候条件较今温暖湿润。 中国科学 地球科学 39, 1266-1273 5.Title：Starch granules, dental calculus and new perspectives on ancient diet Author：Hardy, K., Blakeney, T., Copeland, L., Kirkham, J., Wrangham, R., Collins, M Abstract：Recent work in various parts of the world has suggested the possibility of ancient starch granules surviving and adhering to archaeological artefacts. Often this information is used to infer aspects of diet. One additional source for recovery of archaeological starch granules is dental calculus. The presence of plant food debris in dental calculus is well known but has not been not widely investigated using archaeological material. The extraction of starch granules from dental calculus represents a direct link to the consumption of starchy food by humans or animals. Using dental calculus also sidesteps many other questions still inherent in using starch granules to reconstruct aspects of ancient diet, such as the effects of diagenesis on their morphology; as the starches are trapped inside a concreted matrix they are less likely to alter over time. We used amylase digestion by a starch-specific enzyme to confirm the material as starch Journal of Archaeological Science 36, 248-255. 6.Title：Starch grain characterization of Prosopis chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz and P. flexuosa DC, and the analysis of their archaeological remains in Andean South America Author：Giovannetti, MA; Lema, VS; Bartoli, CG, et al. Abstract：The fruit (pods) of Prosopis (Fabaceae) are frequently recovered from pre-Hispanic Argentinian archaeological sites, suggesting that this genus was of importance in ancient economies in this region. Yet it is only recently that archaeobotanists have begun to carry out systematic research into this genus. Therefore many questions remain to be addressed concerning the food value of Prosopis fruit, and its potential contribution. This paper examines starch from the pods of two species, Prosopis flexuosa and Prosopis chilensis, for the purposes of describing and classifying their morphological features and biometrical Parameters. Pods of both species were gathered from two extremes (northern and southern) of the Hualfin Valley, Catamarca, Argentina. Starch abundance is estimated and compared with that of Zea mays, an economically important plant with high concentrations of starch. This paper reveals that Prosopis pods contain very low amounts of starch compared to starch-rich edible species. Despite this, the recovery of Prosopis starch grains can be successfully used to assess archaeological tool uses. Prosopis starch grains were found to be highly variable in shape. Grain size ranged between 10 and 20 mu m. Granule irregularity and the high birefringence under polarized light are two of the most important diagnostic features. No significant statistical differences were found in the structure (morphology, size and hilum) of the starch of the same species from both localities. Finally, the implications for the role of this plant in past societies are discussed. JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE, 2008.35: 2973-2985 7.Title：Millet noodles in Late Neolithic China - A remarkable find allows the reconstruction of the earliest recorded preparation of noodles Author：Lu HY, Yang XY, Ye ML, et al Abstract：Noodles have been a popular staple food in many parts of the world for at least 2,000 years1, although it is debatable whether the Chinese, the Italians or the Arabs invented them first. Here we analyse a prehistoric sample of noodles contained in a well preserved, sealed earthenware bowl discovered in the Late Neolithic2–4 archaeological site of Lajia in northwestern China. We identify millet as the source of the abundant seed-husk phytoliths and starch grains present in the vessel. This shows that the conversion of ground millet flour into dough that could be repeatedly stretched into long, thin strands for the preparation of boiled noodles was already established in this region 4,000 years ago NATURE ,OCT 13 2005 437 (7061): 967-968 8.Title：Starch grain evidence for the preceramic dispersals of maize and root crops into tropical dry and humid forests of Panama Author：Dickau, R; Ranere, AJ; Cooke, RG Abstract：The Central American isthmus was a major dispersal route for plant taxa originally brought under cultivation in the domestication centers of southern Mexico and northern South America. Recently developed methodologies in the archaeological and biological sciences are providing increasing amounts of data regarding the timing and nature of these dispersals and the associated transition to food production in various regions. One of these methodologies, starch grain analysis, recovers identifiable microfossils of economic plants directly off the stone tools used to process them. We report on new starch grain evidence from Panama demonstrating the early spread of three important New World cultigens: maize (Zea mays), manioc (Manihot esculenta), and arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea). Maize starch recovered from stone tools at a site located in the Pacific lowlands of central Panama confirms previous archaeobotanical evidence for the use of maize there by 7800–7000 cal BP. Starch evidence from preceramic sites in the less seasonal, humid premontane forests of Chiriquí province, western Panama, shows that maize and root crops were present by 7400–5600 cal BP, several millennia earlier than previously documented. Several local starchy resources, including Zamia and Dioscorea spp., were also used. The data from both regions suggest that crop dispersals took place via diffusion or exchange of plant germplasm rather than movement of human populations practicing agriculture. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, FEB 27 2007,3651-3656 9.Title：Starch grains reveal early root crop horticulture in the Panamanian tropical forest Author：Piperno, D.R., Ranere, A.J., Holst, I., Hansell, P Abstract：Native American populations are known to have cultivated a large number of plants and domesticated them for their starch-rich underground organs. Suggestions that the likely source of many of these crops, the tropical forest, was an early and influential centre of plant husbandry have long been controversial because the organic remains of roots and tubers are poorly preserved in archaeological sediments from the humid tropics. Here we report the occurrence of starch grains identifiable as manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz), yams (Dioscorea sp.) and arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.) on assemblages of plant milling stones from preceramic horizons at the Aguadulce Shelter, Panama, dated between 7,000 and 5,000 years before present (BP). The artefacts also contain maize starch (Zea mays L.), indicating that early horticultural systems in this region were mixtures of root and seed crops. The data provide the earliest direct evidence for root crop cultivation in the Americas, and support an ancient and independent emergence of plant domestication in the lowland Neotropical forest. Nature 407, 894-897 10.Title：Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis Author：Piperno, D.R., Weiss, E., Holst, I., Nadel, D Abstract：Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum monococcum L. and Triticum turgidum L.) were among the principal 'founder crops' of southwest Asian agriculture. Two issues that were central to the cultural transition from foraging to food production are poorly understood. They are the dates at which human groups began to routinely exploit wild varieties of wheat and barley, and when foragers first utilized technologies to pound and grind the hard, fibrous seeds of these and other plants to turn them into easily digestible foodstuffs. Here we report the earliest direct evidence for human processing of grass seeds, including barley and possibly wheat, in the form of starch grains recovered from a ground stone artefact from the Upper Palaeolithic site of Ohalo II in Israel. Associated evidence for an oven-like hearth was also found at this site, suggesting that dough made from grain flour was baked. Our data indicate that routine processing of a selected group of wild cereals, combined with effective methods of cooking ground seeds, were practiced at least 12,000 years before their domestication in southwest Asia. Nature 430, 670-673 11.Title：Mixed results of seven methods for organic residue analysis applied to one vessel with the residue of a known foodstuff Author：H. Barnard , S.H. Ambrose , D.E. Beehr et al. Abstract：Several methods of archaeological organic residue analysis were applied to a single unglazed and unseasoned ceramic vessel that had absorbed residues of heated camel milk. Sections of the wall of this vessel were sent to eleven archaeological laboratories. Seven reported their results before the identity of the residue was revealed, during the 70th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. Methods included stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratio analysis, protein analysis and lipid analysis. These laboratory techniques provide a biochemical analysis of the residue in a ceramic matrix, the archaeological interpretation of which can be rather difficult. The exact source of the residue was not identified by any laboratory, but it is evident that residue analysis can provide valuable information, especially when combined with additional archaeological and historical data. We therefore support a close cooperation of those working in this field to develop it to its full potential. Journal of Archaeological Science 34 (2007) 28-37 12.Title：The Removal of Protein from Mineral Surfaces:Implications for Residue Analysis of Archaeological Materials Author：Oliver E. Craig , Matthew J. Collins Abstract：Although there has been great interest and controversy concerning the detection of proteins in archaeological residues,very few studies have considered the effect of different extraction methods. Using well-defined control materials, thisstudy compares the extraction efficiency of a number of different extraction reagents. Immunological and spectrophotometricassays are used to assess the amount of protein removed by each extraction method and the effectivenessis reported with reference to previous work. None of the previously reported methods were found to be effective atremoving the protein from the mineral surface. We conclude that proteins are very strongly bound to the surfaceprobably via short-range bonds. Although this may be encouraging for the long-term preservation of proteins in thiscontext, extraction methods will have to be re-evaluated in order to achieve efficient recovery. Journal of Archaeological Science 29, 1077–1082. 13.Title：The use of an improved pRIA technique in the identification of protein residues Author：Joshua D. Reuther , Jerold M. Lowenstein , S. Craig Gerlach , Darden Hood ,Gary Scheuenstuhl , Douglas H. Ubelaker Abstract：Blood and protein residue identification in archaeological research has been a controversial subject for the last 20 years. This paper reports onthe use of an improved protein radioimmunoassay (pRIA) technique in identifying protein residues. Results from the blind testing of the originaland improved pRIA techniques in identifying bloodstains on experimental lithic artifacts are described and compared. We argue that the improved pRIA technique is highly sensitive and accurate for identifying protein residues to genus, and thus has excellent applications for archaeological research. Journal of Archaeological Science 33，531-537. 14.Title：Dairying in antiquity. III. Evidence from absorbed lipid residues dating to the British Neolithic Author：M.S. Copley, R. Berstan, A.J. Mukherjee, S.N. Dudd, V. Straker,S. Payne, R.P. Evershed Abstract：Absorbed lipid residue analysis has previously demonstrated that dairying was a major component of animal husbandry in Britain during both the Iron Age and Bronze Age. As a continuation of this research into the antiquity of dairying, the incidence of dairy fats associated with pottery vessels from six Neolithic sites from Southern Britain is presented herein. A total of 438 potsherds from Windmill Hill, Abingdon Causewayed Enclosure, Hambledon Hill, Eton Rowing Lake, Runnymede Bridge and Yarnton Floodplain were submitted for organic residue analysis. To date, this constitutes the largest number of sherds investigated from one particular archaeological period. The compound-specific stable carbon isotope values of the major fatty acid components in animal fats, namely C16:0 and C18:0, enable absorbed lipids in pottery vessels to be classified to commodity group, i.e. ruminant adipose, dairy and non-ruminant adipose fats can be distinguished. The lipid extracts were relatively well preserved, and dairy fats were observed in approximately 25% of all of the sherds, demonstrating that milk was a valued commodity in the British Neolithic. These results confirm that dairying was an established component of the agricultural practices that reached Britain in the 5th Millennium BC. Journal of Archaeological Science 32 (2005) 523–546. 15.Title：Dairying in antiquity. II. Evidence from absorbedlipid residues dating to the British Bronze Age Author：M.S. Copley, R. Berstan, V. Straker, S. Payne, R.P. Evershed Abstract：Molecular and isotopic analyses were undertaken of absorbed lipid residues from 256 pottery vessels obtained from four southern British Bronze Age sites (Potterne, Brean Down, Black Patch and Trethellan Farm). The results confirm that not only were ancient Britons utilising dairy products during this period, but also that they were processed in pottery vessels on a large scale. This has been demonstrated through the determination of the compound-specific stable carbon isotope values of the principal fatty acids found in animal fats (C16:0 and C18:0) that allows ruminant dairy and ruminant/non-ruminant adipose fats to be distinguished. The proportion of sherds yielding degraded dairy fats at each of the sites is variable, with the highest occurrence being from Potterne, and the lowest occurrence being from Black Patch. The faunal remains, and vessel characteristics (e.g. rim diameter and vessel type) are compared with the organic residue analyses, and intra-site variability is investigated at Trethellan Farm. Journal of Archaeological Science 32 (2005) 505–521 16.Title：Dairying in antiquity. I. Evidence from absorbed lipid residues dating to the British Iron Age Author：M.S. Copley, R. Berstan, S.N. Dudd, V. Straker, S. Payne, R.P. Evershed Abstract：The evidence for dairying in antiquity has, until recently, primarily been restricted to the reconstruction of herd structuresthrough the analysis of faunal remains. Using this method alone cannot provide definitive evidence for the presence of dairy herds,due to differences in the recovery of animal bones at sites and the many different farming strategies that can affect herd structures (e.g. dairying, meat production, traction etc.). Absorbed lipid residues have been extracted from 237 pottery vessels from the British Iron Age sites of Maiden Castle, Danebury Hillfort, Yarnton Cresswell Field and Stanwick. The compound-specific stable carbon isotope (d13C values) of the principal fatty acids found in animal fats (C16:0 and C18:0) have allowed the direct detection of dairy fats,thus providing evidence that dairying was an important component of farming practices in the British Iron Age. The results are compared to assessments of the faunal remains at each of the sites, and correlations between morphological characteristics of the vessels (e.g. type, form, use wear and rim diameter) and lipid residue discussed. Journal of Archaeological Science 32 (2005) 485–503. |
六、查新结论 经对检出的相关文献进行阅读、分析、对比，结论如下： 文献1和文献11为综述，介绍可用于考古研究领域的不同古代残留物分析方法及可行性讨论； 文献2-10为对淀粉粒的研究，其中文献2和文献5为研究综述，文献3和文献6对淀粉粒的形态学展开研究，文献4和文献7-10探讨了古代淀粉粒残留物分析方法在中国及中美洲地区考古遗址研究中的应用； 文献12-13探讨了蛋白质残留物残留机制及提取方法； 文献14-16介绍了脂类及有机小分子残留物在考古学研究中的应用； 本项目主要对与古代残留物研究相关的现代样本中所包含的残留物分子的理化性质进行研究，建立相关数据库，并探讨实验室条件下对古代残留物分子的残留机制及其埋藏学条件，目前所检文献中尚未见有与本项目研究内容一致的文献报道。 综上，本项目研究内容在国内外具备新颖性。 |
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