Chapter 9 Romanticism
1. Romanticism refers to an attitude or intellectual orientation that characterizes many works of literature , painting, music, architecture, criticism, and historiography in western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century.浪漫主义指的是一种态度或知识取向，刻画出了许多作品的文学、绘画、音乐、建筑、批评和史学在西方文明在一段时间内从18世纪末到19世纪中叶。
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2. The "Preface" to Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth, known as the manifesto of romanticism, addresses the subjects, aim and style of romantic poetry as well as the essential characteristics of a romantic poet.威廉·华兹华斯是一个浪漫的诗人，他写的抒情诗集的“卷首语”，被称为浪漫主义宣言，讨论了浪漫主义诗歌的主题，目的和风格以及基本特征的。3. William Wordsworth was an early leader of Romanticism in English poetry, who ranks as one of the greatest lyric poets in the history of English literature.威廉·华兹华斯是英语诗歌中早期浪漫主义的领袖，他在英语文学的历史位列最伟大的抒情诗人之一。
4. William Wordsworth focused on nature, children, the poor, and ordinary people, and used plain words to express his personal feelings. His definition of poetry was "the spontaneous
overflow of powerful feelings arising from emotion recollected in tranquility.”威廉·华兹华斯关注自然、孩子、穷人和普通人，并且使用普通语言来表达他的个人感情。他对诗歌的定义是“强烈感情的自然流露：它源于情感，但在平静中回忆”。
5. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the greatest figure of German Romanticism, is regarded as a giant of world literature.约翰·沃尔夫冈·冯·歌德，德国浪漫主义的最伟大的人物，被认为是一个巨大的世界文学。
中药文化6. The Sorrows of Young Werther was written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. 《少年维特之烦恼》是歌德写的。
7. Goethe's poetry includes lyrics in praise of natural beauty and ballads that echo folk themes.歌德的诗歌包括赞美自然风光的抒情诗和呼应民俗主题的叙事诗歌。
8. Many of Goethe's works were inspired by a series of passionate love for women.许多歌德的作品的灵感来自于一系列对女性热烈的爱。
Chapter 10 Socialism
9. Socialism in the Western context is a general term for the political and economic theory that advoc
ates a system of collective or government ownership and management of the means of production and distribution of goods.社会主义在西方 语境中是一个对政治和经济理论的一般术语，它主张一个系统的集体或政府对商品的生产和分配的所有权和管理方式。 10. Socialism arose in the late 18th and early 19th century as a reaction to the economic and social changes associated with the Industrial Revolution.社会主义出现在18世纪末和19世纪初作为一种与工业革命相关的经济和社会变化的反应。 11. The word socialism was first used in the early 1830s by the followers of Owen in Britain and those of Saint-Simon in France.社会主义一词最早被用是在1830年代初由欧文的在英国的和在那些法国圣西门的追随者。
12. Consider the causes of socialist movement as exposed in The Communist Manifesto. By Marx and Engels.考虑社会主义运动的原因为暴露在《共产党宣言》。马克思和恩格斯。
麦哲伦海峡13. Karl Marx was a German political philosopher, economic theorist, founder of scientific socialism and dialectical and historical materialism, a master and leader of the world working class. 卡尔马克
思是德国的政治哲学家，经济理论家，科学社会主义的创始人，辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义大师和世界工人阶级的领袖。
14. The central idea in Marx's thought is the materialistic conception of history.马克思的思想的中心思想是历史的唯物主义概念。
15. Charles Dickens was one of the greatest writers in the English language, one of the world's popular, prolific, and skilled novelists.查尔斯·狄更斯是英语语言最伟大的作家之一，世界上最受欢迎的，多产的，和熟练的小说家。
16. Dickens' works are characterized by attacks on social evils, injustice and hypocrisy.狄更斯的作品特点是攻击社会弊病、不公和虚伪。
懦艮17. Dickens' publishing major novels in quick succession: Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, The Old Curiosity Shop, David Copperfield, Hard Times, A Tale of Two Cities, and Great Expectations.狄更斯的主要小说出版接二连三：《雾都孤儿》，《尼古拉斯-尼科尔贝》、《老古玩店》,《大卫科波菲尔》,《艰难时世》,《双城记》,《远大前程》。
Chapter 11 Liberalism
18. Adam Smith was a Scottish economist, founder of classical economics, eminent social theorist and more philosopher.亚当·史密斯是一位苏格兰经济学家，古典经济学的创始人，著名的社会理论家和更多的哲学家。
19. The Wealth of Nations was the first comprehensive system of political economy.《国富论》是第一个全面的政治经济系统。
20. A reaction to the system of mercantilism then, The Wealth of Nations stands as the beginning of classical economics.重商主义之后体系的一个反应,《国富论》是古典经济学的开始。
现代化仓库21. Though often regarded as bible of capitalism, The Wealth of Nations is harshly critical of the shortcomings of unrestrained free enterprise and monopoly.虽然常常被视为资本主义的圣经,《国富论》严厉批评无限制的自由企业和垄断的缺点。22. John Stuart Mi ll was a British philosopher and economist, a key figure in the movement known as utilitarianism, and one of the foremost spokesmen for liberalism in the 19th century.约翰·斯图亚特·穆勒是一位英国哲学家和经济学家，一个关键人物在运动称为功利主义，最早的对自由主义的发言人在19世纪。
23. Mill stood as a bridge between the 18th-century concern for liberty, reason, and science and the 19th-century trend toward empiricism and collectivism. 穆勒作为18世纪的关注自由、理性和科学和1
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9世纪的经验主义和集体主义的趋势之间的桥梁。
24. Mill's most important contribution to political science was his "On Liberty"(1985). It contains a rational justification of the freedom of the individual in opposition to the claims of the state to impose unlimited control, and has become a classic of
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