UNIT1
扩张器Data acquisitiontechniques include field surveying, global positioning system(GPS), satellitepositioning, and remotely sensed imagery obtained through aerial photographyand satellite imagery.（数据获取技术包括普通野外测量，GPS测量，卫星定位和遥感图像获取，通过航空摄影和卫星成像） It also includes theacquisition of database material scanned from older maps and plans and datacollected by related agencies.（它还包括数据库资料的获取――通过扫描就有地图和设计图，还有有关机构收集的数据。）
Data management andprocess are handled through the use of computer programs for engineeringdesign, digital photogrammetry, image analysis, relational data basemanagement, and geographic information systems (GIS). （通过计算机程序，数据管理和处理 应用于工程设计，数字摄影测量【海德堡cp2000digitalphotogrammetry光纤起偏器
】，图像分析，相关资料库的管理和GIS。）
Dataplotting(presentation) is handled through the use of mapping and otherillustrative computer programs; the presentations are displayed on computerscreens(where interactive editing can occur) and are output on paper fromdigital plotting devices.（数据成图【数字成图】是通过制图和其他直观的计算机程序【illustrative直观的、说明性的】进行的；其表达显示在计算机屏幕上（交互式编辑处理），也可以通过数字绘图仪输出到纸上。【handle操作、处理】）
Once the positionsand attributes of geographic entities have been digitized and stored incomputer memory, they are available for use by a wide variety of users.（一旦地理实体的位置和属性被数字化并被存储进计算机存储器，就可以有效的【available有效的、可用的】为广泛的各种的使用者所用）
Through the use ofmodern information technology(IT), geomatics brings together professionals inthe following disciplines: surveying, mapping, remote sensing, landregistration, civil and marine engineering, forestry, agriculture, planning anddevelopment, geology, geographicalsciences, infrastructure management, navigation,
environmental and naturalresources monitoring, and computer science.（通过现代【估计moderm应该是modern】信息技术，测绘学将以下学科的专业人员整合到一起：测量学、制图学、遥感、国土注册、土木【civil民用的】工程和海洋工程，林业，农业，决策与发展，地质学，地理科学，基础设施【infrastructure】管理，导航，环境与自然资源监测和计算机科学。）
UNIT3
Although there isa wide variety of EDM instruments available with different wavelengths, thereare basically only two methods of measurement employed which may divide theinstruments into two classification as electro-optical (light waves) andmicrowaves (radio waves) instruments.（尽管不同的EDM用到不同的波长，基本上只有两种测量方法在使用，可以将其【即EDM】分为光电测距仪和微波测距仪）
These two basicmethods are namely the pulse method and more popular phase different method.（这两种基本方法即【namely即】脉冲【pulse】法和更流行的相位【低调奋进phase different 相位的不同】法）
They function bysending light waves or microwaves along the path to be measured and measuringthe time differences between transmitted and received signals, or in measuringthe phase differences between transmitted and received signals in returning thereflecting light wave to source. （沿着要测的路径发射光波或微波，并测出发射和收到反射信号之间的时间间隔，或者是测出发射和接受反射信号之间的相差【phase differences】，它们通过这种方法来运行【function v.】） Modern EDMinstruments are fully automatic to such an extent that, after the instruments,set up on one station, emits a modulated light beam to a passive reflector setup on the other end of the line to be measured.（现代的EDM全自动化到这样的程度【to such an extent that到这样的程度】，在一个站点安置，需测距离线的另一处安置有反射棱镜，发射一束已调制【modulated已调制的】的光束到棱镜上）
氰酸酯树脂The operator needonly depress a button, and the slope distance is automatically displayed. （操作者仅仅需要按一个键，斜距就自动显示出来。）
More complete EDMinstruments also have the capability of measuring horizontal and vert
ical orzenith angles as well as the slope distance. （更完全的【功能更完备的】EDM还具有测水平角、竖直角和天顶角的功能）These instrumentsreferred to as total station instruments. （这种仪器被称为全站仪） 碳酸钠溶解度UNIT4
For the most part, the instrument used in the measurement ofangles is called a transit or theodolite, although angles can be measured withclinometers, sextants (hydrographic surveys), or compasses.（在极大程度上【forthe most part】，用来测角的工具被称为经纬仪，虽然角度可以用倾斜仪【一种测量物体随时间的倾斜变化和铅垂线随时间变化的仪器】、六分仪（用于海道测量）、或罗盘仪来测）
The theodolite contains a horizontal and vertical circles ofeither glass or silver.（经纬仪有一个玻璃的或镀银的水平度盘和竖直度盘） The horizontal and vertical circles of theodolite can be linkedto circular protractors graduated from 0° to 360° in aclockwise manner set in horizontal and vertical plane.（经
纬仪的水平度盘和竖直度盘与顺时针刻【graduate】了0到360度刻划的圆分度器【circular protractor】相连）
The horizontal circle is used when measuring or laying offhorizontal angles and the vertical circle is used to measure or lay offvertical angles or zenith angles.（测或拨水平角时用水平度盘，测或拨竖直角或天顶距时用竖直度盘【lay off翻译为拨、放样的意思】）
Usually the units of angular measurement employed in practiceare degrees, minutes, and seconds, the sexagesimal system.（通常角度测量法【angularmeasurement角度测量法】使用的单位是六十进制【sexagesimal六十进制的】的度、分、秒）
Modern electronic digital theodolites contain circular encodersthat sense the rotations of the spindles and the telescope, convert theserotations into horizontal and vertical (or zenith) angles electronically, anddisplay the value of the angles on liquid crystal displays (LCDs) or light-emittingdiode displays (LEDs).（现代的电子数字经纬仪包含编码【encoder编码】度盘，能够感知轴【spindle轴、纺锤】和望远镜的旋转，并使之电子地转换为水平角度和竖直角度，并在液晶显示器【LCDs】或发光二极管显示器【LEDs】上
显示出来）
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