Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.
1. The part of linguistics that studies the language of literature is called _____. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
【答案】Stylistics
【解析】文体学作为语言学的分支，主要研究文学文体中语言的特征，并试图建立一些规则，以解释个体和社团在语言使用过程中的特殊选择。 2. The term _____ was originally coined by the philosopher William James in his principle of Psychology (1890) to describe the free association of ides and impression in mind. It was later applied to the writing of William Faulkner, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf.
【答案】stream of consciousness
【解析】意识流写作起初是由威廉姆·詹姆斯用来描述思维中印象和观念的自由联系，这种方法的句子结构高度省略。之后许多作家如威廉·福克纳，詹姆斯·乔伊斯，弗吉尼
亚·伍尔夫也都在写作中有所用到。
3. At different times, different patterns of metre and sound have developed and become accepted as ways of structuring poems. Among them, _____ consists of lines in iambic pentameter which does not rhyme.
【答案】blank verse
【解析】不同时代，诗会有不同的韵律模式和语音模式。传统的韵律模式和语音模式包括对句，四行诗，无韵诗等。其中无韵诗是由不押韵的抑扬格五音步诗组成的。 4. A _____ foot contains two syllables. A stressed syllable comes first, following by an unstressed syllable.
【答案】trochee
【解析】抑抑格音步即重轻格或长短格，其由一重读音节后跟一个轻读音节构成。
Ⅱ. Multiple Choice
1. “Formal” and “informal” are features of _____.
A. slang
B. lingua franca
C. style
D. jargon
【答案】C
【解析】风格一般有正式与非正式之分。
2. _____ is a figurative use of language which implies a comparison between two unlike elements.
A. Simile
B. Metaphor
C. Metonymy
D. Synecdoche
【答案】B
【解析】暗喻是对两个并不相像的要素作出对比，这种对比是隐含的而不是直接表达的。
3. The cognitive approach to literature does not include _____.
A. Figure and Ground
B. Image Schemata
C. Cognitive Metaphor
D. Judgment and comparison曲率驱动
【答案】D
【解析】从认知角度分析文学有三种方法：图形和背景，意象图式和认知隐喻。
Ⅲ. True or False
1. The opinion that a language is primitive reflects the social judgment of the language.
【答案】F
【解析】语言并不是简单的，其具有多样性，个体和社团在语言使用过程中会有其特殊的选择。
2. Blank verse consists of lines in iambic pentameters which do not rhyme.折射率
【答案】T
【解析】无韵诗是由不押韵的抑扬格五音步诗组成的。
3. The initial consonants are identical in alliteration.
受体激动剂【答案】T
【解析】在压头韵里，句首的辅音是一致的。
4. The term Stream of consciousness writing was originally coined by the philosopher William James in his Principle of Psychology to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind.
【答案】T
【解析】意识流写作是由哲学家威廉·詹姆斯在他的《心理学原理》中用来描述思维中印象和观念的自由联系。
Ⅳ. Explain the following terms.
1. Foregrounding
Key: This term is meant for what is unusual, attractive, unconventional, salient. In literature, foregrounding is often achieved through unconventional expressions which attract the readers’attention. The main manifestations of foregrounding are deviation and parallelism.
2. Speech and thought presentation共享
Key: Speech and thought presentation: These two terms are used for the language in fiction, referring to the presenting forms for indicating the narrator’s speech or经济增长
thought. The speech presentation may have the following four possibilities: direct speech, indirect speech, narrator’s representation of speech acts, and narrator’s representation of speech. The Thought presentation can also be categorized into: narrator’s representation of thought, narrator’s representation of thought acts, indirect thought, free indirect thought, and direct thought.
3. Metonymy
Key: Metonymy is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. For instance, “Washington”, as the capital of the United States, can be used as a metonym (an instance of metonymy) for the United States government.
4. Stylistics
Key:Stylistics is a branch of linguistics studies the features of situationally distinctive uses (varieties) of language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.
5. I-narrator
Key: The person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story, relating the story after the event. In this ease the critics call the narrator a
FIRST-PERSON NARRATOR or I- NARRATOR because when the narrator refers to himself or herself in the story the first person pronoun I is used. First-person narrators are often said to be “limit
ed” because they don’t know all the faces or “unreliable” because they trick the reader by withholding information or telling untruths. This often happens in murder and mystery stories.
6. stream of consciousness writing
Key:The term was originally coined by the philosopher William James in his Principle of Psychology (1890) to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind. It was later applied to the writing of William Faulkner, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and others experimenting early in the 20th century with the novelistic portrayal of the free flow of thought. Note, however, that the majority of thought presentation in novels is not stream of consciousness writing. The examples we have discussed above are not stream of consciousness writing because they are too orderly to constitute the free association of ideas. Perhaps the most famous piece of stream of consciousness writing is that associated with Leopold Bloom in Joyce’s Ulysses. Here he is in a restaurant thinking about oysters.
“Filthy shells. Devil to open them too. Who found them out? Ga rbage, sewage they feed on. Fizz and Red bank oysters. Effect on the sexual. Aphrodis. (sic) He was in the Red bank this morning. Was he oyster old fish at table. Perhaps he young flesh in bed. No. June has no ar (sic) no oysters. But there are people like tainted
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