工程预算编制【雅思批判性阅读⽂章】第⼋篇“BeyondtheBlueHorizon” 雅思阅读是四科⾥边最容易提分的⼀科，也是雅思是否能到8分的关键。CT雅思独家教材《⽤批判性思维Critical Thinking打通剑桥雅思最难TOP20篇⽂章》，《雅思阅读核⼼解题技巧》；在当下的雅思考试，只有真正解决雅思阅读问题才是解决雅思总分的根本正道，看不懂雅思阅读就等于考试彻底失败。不解决快速阅读，就⽆法解决听⼒长⽂章，写作⽤词不地道等其他项。雅思阅读是前提。 剑桥雅思10 test 3 passage 3：
难点：历史类⽂章，摘要题5题，单选题4题，判断题5题
Beyond the Blue Horizon
Ancient Voyagers Who Settled the Far-Flung（遥远的） Islands of the Pacific Ocean An important archaeological discovery on the island of Efate in the Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu has revealed traces of an ancient seafaring people, the distantancestors of today’s Polynesians. The site came to light only by chance. Anagricultural worker, digging in the grounds of a derelict（被抛弃的） plantation, scraped open a grave—the first ofdozens in a burial ground some 3,000 years old. It is the oldest cemetery （墓地）ever found in the Pacific islands, and it harbors the remains of anancie
nt people archaeologists call the Lapita.（⾸段由考古发现引出Lapita，然后⽂章就他们在古代是如何实现航海进⾏说明）Theywere daring blue-water adventurers who used basic canoes to rove across the ocean.
But（批判性思维） they were not justexplorers. They were also pioneers （他们不仅是探险者也是拓荒者）who carried with them everything they would need to build new lives—their livestock, taro seedling sand stone tools. Within the span of several centuries, the Lapita stretched theboundaries of their world from the jungle-dad volcanoes of Papua New Guinea cothe loneliest coral outliers of Tonga.
The Lapita left precious few dues about themselves, but （转折）Efate expands the volume（此处volume不是⾳量的意思，意为⼤量的） of data available to researchers dramatically. The remains of 62 individuals have been uncovered so far and archaeologists were also thrilled tofind six complete Lapita pots. Other items included a Lapita burial urn with modeled birds arranged on the rim as though peering down at the human remains sealed inside. ‘It’s an important discovery’, says Matthew Spriggs, professorof archaeology at the Australian National University and head of the international team digging up the site, for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita.’
DNA teased from these human remains may help answer one of the most puzzling questions in Pacific anthropology: did all Pacific islanders spring from one source or many? Was there only one outward migration from a singlepoint in Asia, or several from different points? ‘This represents the best opportunity we’ve had yet, says Spriggs, ‘to find out who the Lapita actually were, where they came from, and who their closest descendants are today.’
There is one stubborn question for which archaeology has yet to provide any answers: how did theLapita accomplish the ancient equivalent of a moon landing, many times over?No-one has found one of their canoes or any rigging, which could reveal how the canoes were sailed. Nor do the oral
histories and traditions of later Polynesians offer any insights, for they turn into myths long before they reach as far back in time as the Lapita.
‘All we can say for certain is that the Lapita hadcanoes that were capable of ocean voyages, and they had the ability to sailthem,’ says Geoff Irwin, a professor of archaeology at the University of Auckland. Those sailing skills, he says, were developed and passed down over thousands of years by earlier mariners who worked their way through the archipelagoes of the western Pacific, making short crossings to nearby islands. The real adventure didn’t begin, however, until their Lapita descen
dants sailed out of sight of land,with empty horizons on every side.（真正的冒险直到Lapita的后⼈敢于向四周看不到陆地的外海航⾏才开始） This must have been as difficult for them as landing on the moon is for us today. Certainly it distinguished them from their ancestors, but what gave them the courage to launch out on such risky voyages?
The Lapita’s thrust into the Pacific was eastward, against the prevailing trade winds Irwin notes.（本段强调风在航⾏中所起的关键作⽤） Those nagging headwinds, he argues, may havebeen the key to their success. ‘They could sail out for days into the unknown and assess the area, secure in the knowledge that if they didn’t find anything,they could turn about and catch a swift ride back on the trade winds. This is what would have made the whole thing work.’ Once out there, skilled seafarers would have detected abundant leads to follow to land: seabirds, coconuts and twigs carried out
there, skilled seafarers would have detected abundant leads to follow to land: seabirds, coconuts and twigs carried out to sea by the tides, and the afternoon pile-up of clouds on the horizon which often indicates an island in the distance.
For returning explorers successful or not, the geography of their own archipelagoes（岛，列岛）would have provided a safety net. Without this to go by, overshooting their home pores, getting lost a
nd sailing off into eternity would have been all too easy. Vanuatu, for example, stretches more than 500 miles in a northwest-southeast trend, its scores of intervisible islands forming a backstop for mariners riding the trade winds home.
All this presupposes one essential detail, says Atholl Anderson, professorof prehistory at the Australian National University: the Lapita had masteredthe advanced art of sailing against the wind. 'And there's no proof they could do any such thing,' Anderson says. ‘There has been this assumption they did,and people have built canoes to re-create those early voyages based on that assumption. But nobody has any idea what their canoes looked like or how they were rigged.'
Rather than give all thecredit to （归功于）humanskill, Anderson invokes the winds of chance. El Nino, the same climate disruption that affects the Pacific today,may have helped scatter the Lapita, Anderson suggests. He points out chat climate data obtained from slow-growing corals around the Pacific indicate a series of unusually frequent El Ninos around the time of the Lapita expansion. By reversing the regular east-to-west flow ofthe trade winds for weeks at a time, these super El Ninos' might have taken theLapita on long unplanned voyages.
However they did it, theLapita spread themselves a third of the way across the Pacific, then called it
quits for reasons known only to them. Ahead lay the vast emptiness of thecentral Pacific and perhaps they were too thinly stretched to venture farther.They probably never numbered more than a few thousand in total, and in their rapid migration eastward they encountered hundreds of islands - more than 300in Fiji alone.
Question 27-31
Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases, A-J, below.
Drag the correct letter,A-J, into boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
A 3,000-year-old burial ground of a seafaring peoplecalled the Lapita has been found on an abandoned(B) on the Pacific island of Efate. The cemetery, which is a significant(F), was uncovered accidentally by an agricultural worker. The Lapita explored and colonised many Pacific islandsover several centuries. They took many things with them on their voyages including (I)and tools.
The burial ground increases the amount of information about the Lapita available toscientists. A team of researchers, led by Matthew Spriggs from
the Australian National University, are helping with theexcavation of the site. Spriggs believes the(G)
which was found at the site is very important since it confirms that the(G)第三段的第三四句话 found inside are Lapita.
A. proof
B. plantation
C. harbor
D. bones现代货币数量论
E. data
F. archaeologicaldiscovery
G. burial urn
H. source
I. animals
大稿国际艺术区
J. maps
Multiple Choice
（该篇⽂章的选择题出题遵循了顺序原则，⼀⼀对应到各段既可）
32.According to the writer, there are difficulties explaining how theLapita accomplished their journeys because C （根据下⼀题题⽬提⽰在第六段，⼤致可判断这题的答案应该在第五段）
A. the canoes that have been discovered offer relatively few clues.
B. archaeologists have shown limited interest in this area of research.
C. little information relating to this period can be relied upon for accuracy.
D. technological advances have altered the way such achievements areviewed.
33.According to the sixth paragraph, what was extraordinary about theLapita? A
A. They sailed beyond the point where land was visible.
河南省高等教育自学考试
B. Their cultural heritage discouraged the expression of fear.
C. They were able to build canoes that withstood ocean voyages.
D. Their navigational skills were passed on from one generation to the next.
34.What does ‘This’refer to in the seventh paragraph? D
A. the Lapita’sseafaring talent
B. the Lapita’s ability to detect signs of land
C. the Lapita’sextensive knowledge of the region
D. the Lapita’s belief they would be able to return home
35.According to the eighth paragraph, how was the geography of the region significant? C
A. It played animportant role in Lapita culture.
B. It meant there were relatively few storms at sea.
建材营销论坛C. It provided an avigational aid for the Lapita.
D. It made a large number of islands habitable.
Question 36-40
Question 36-40
Do the followingstatements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes38-40 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the views ofthe writer NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer NOT GIVEN ifit is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
36.Itis now clear that the Lapita could sail into a prevailing wind. N（定位在⽂章第九段）
37.Extreme climateconditions may have played a role in Lapita migration.Y（paragraph 10）
寿山石部落
38.The Lapita learnt to predict the duration of El Ninos.NG
39.It remains unclear why the Lapita halted（停⽌） their expansion across the Pacific. Y(paragraph 11)
40.It is likely that the majority of Lapita settled on Fiji.NG
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