1.Epic叙事诗，史诗
A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Two
of the most famous epics of Western civilization are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.The great epic of the Middle Ages is The Divine Comedy（神曲）by the Italian poet Dante.The two most famous English epics are the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and John Milton's Paradise Lost,which employ some of the conventions of the classical epic.
2.Naturalism自然主义（文学、艺术以反映现实为宗旨） Naturalism is a term of literary history,primarily a French movement in prose fiction and the drama during the final third of the19th century,although it is also applied to similar movements or groups of writers in other countries in the later decades of the19th and early years of the20th cents.In France Emile Zola(1840-1902)was the dominant practitioner(习艺者，专业人员) of Naturalism in prose fiction and the chief exponent（鼓吹者，倡导者，拥护者；能手，大师）of its doctrines. The emergence of Naturalism does not mark a radical（彻底的）break with Realism,rather the new style is a logical extension of it.Broadly speaking,Naturalism is characterized by a refusal to idealize experience and by the persuasion that human life is strictly subjected to natural laws.The Naturalists shared with the earlier Realists the conviction that the everyday life of the middle and lower classes of their own day provided subjects worthy of serious literary treatment.Emphasis was laid on the influence of the material and economic environment on behavior,and on the determining effects of physical and hereditary factors in forming the individual temperament.Famous American Naturalistic writers would include Jack London,Stephen Crane and Frank Norris,who were deeply influenced by Charles Darwin's evolution theory which believe that one's heredity and social situation limit one's character.
3.Modernism现代派（盛行于20世纪的文学风格）
Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts,originating about the end of the19th century and prosperity in the20th century.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted,alienated and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public,more on the subjective than on the objective.They are mainly concerned w
ith the inner being of an individual.In their writings,the past,the present and the future are mingled（混合）together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.
4.Transcendentalism超验主义
It was a reaction to the18th century Newtonian concept of the universe.The major features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as follows:1.The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as the most important thing in the universe.2.The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.To them the individual was the most important element of society.3.The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was,to them,not purely matter.It was alive,filled with God's overwhelming presence.
I.Major Literary Terms in The Anglo-Norman Period
1.Romance:Any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Originally,the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings and queens,knights and ladies,and including unlikely or supernatural happenings.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the best of the me
dieval romances.John Keats's The Eve of St.Agnes is one of the greatest metrical（格律）romances ever written.
2.Ballad（民谣，叙事歌谣）:A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung.In many centuries,the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature.Folk ballads have no known authors.They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung.The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people.The most popular subjects,often tragic,are disappointed love,jealousy,revenge,sudden disaster and deeds of adventure and daring.Devices commonly used in ballads are the the refrain（叠词）,incremental repetition（叠句）and code language（特定语言）.A later form of ballad is the literary ballad which imitates the style of the folk ballad.The most famous English literary ballad is Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner（老水手之歌）. 二、选择&填空
The Anglo-Norman Period
The literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its____tales of___and___,in mar
ked contrast of____and ____of Anglo-Saxon poetry.
romantic,love,adventure,strength,somberness（昏暗；冷静）
Geoffrey Chaucer
1.The Canterbury Tales contains in fact a General Prologue and only_____tales,of which two are left unfinished.
●24
2.The____provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.
●Prologue序言
3.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's greatest work and the greater part of it was written in____Couplets.
●Heroic（英雄双韵体）
4.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of St.Thomas a Becket at the place named____.
●Canterbury
5.In The Canterbury Tales,from the character of_____,we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class,and a colorful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer's own day.
●the Wife of Bath（巴斯夫人：齐叟笔下一个结过5次婚等待第六位丈夫的女人） Renaissance
1.Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,and____are generally regarded as Shakespeare's four great tragedies.
●Macbeth
2.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of_____.
●Queen Elizabeth
3._____wrote his_____in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people's sufferings and pu
t forward his ideal of a future happy society.
●Thomas More，Utopia
The literature of the17th century
1.After____'s death,monarchy was again restored in1660.It was called the period of_____.
●Oliver Cromwell;Restoration
2.The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of_____
●1688.
神经网络法3.Paradise Lost tells how____rebelled against God and how___and___were driven out of Eden.
●Satan;Adam,Eve.京华时报 农夫山泉
4.Bunyan's most important work is____,written in the form old-fashioned medieval form of_____and dream.
●The Pilgrim's Progress;allegory寓言
the18th century literature
1.The image of an enterprising Englishman of the18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel______.
●Robinson Crusoe
2.The18th century in English literature is an age of___.
●prose
3.Jonathan Swift's masterpiece is___..
●Gulliver's Travels
4.William Blake's work___(1794)are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence天真之歌.
●The Songs of Experience经验之歌
5.The greatest of___poets in the18th century is Robert Burns.
●Scottish
the19th century literature
1.With the publication of William Wordworth's______with S.T.Coleridge,______began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.
●Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集,Romanticism
2.The Romantic Age came to an end in1832when the last Romantic writer_____died.
●Walter Scott
3.The greatest historical novelist_____was produced in the Romantic Age.
●Walter Scott
4.The glory of the Romantic age is in the poetry of___,___,___,___,___,and___.
●Scott,Wordsworth,Coleridge科尔里奇,Byron,Shelley,Keats,Moore,Southey索西.谷胱甘肽转移酶
5.The English Romantic Period produced two major novelists.They are______.
●Scott and Austen
6.In his poems Wordsworth aimed at the_____and_____of the language.
●simplicity,purity
7.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems,one is Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,and the other is_____.
●Don Juan
8.“Ode to a Nightingale”was written by_____.
●John Keats
9.Jane Austen's literary concern is about human beings in their_____relationships.
●personal.
Victorian Age
1.In the19th century English literature,a new literary trend_____appeared after the romantic poetry,and flourished in the time of ______.
●Critical realism,1840s and1850s.
2.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature.Here lies in the essentially_____and _____character of critical realism.
●Democratic,humanitarian
3.In A tale of Two Cities,the two cities are_____and_____in the time of revolution.
●London,Paris
4.In1847,Thackeray published his masterpiece_____,which marks the peak of his literary career.
●Vanity Fair
5.It is Robert Browning who developed the literary form_____..
●Dramatic monologue戏剧独白
20th century British Literature
1.____had its outstanding advocate in Kipling,who with drum and trumpet,called upon England to“take up the Whiteman's burden”by dominating all“lesser breeds without the law.”
●lmperialism
2.Those“novels of character and environment”by Thomas Hardy are the lost representative of him as both a and a critical realist writer.
●Naturalistic
3.It took Galsworthy twenty-two years to accomplish the monumental work,his masterpiece____
●The Forsyte Saga福尔赛世家
4.Lawrence finished____,the autobiographical novel at which he had been working off and on for years,which was positively taken as a typical example and lively manifestation of the“Oedipus Complex”in fiction.
●Sons and Lovers
5.___and___are the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist.
●James Joyce，Virginia Woolf.
6.____is generally regarded as Virginia Woolf's most remarkable work.
●To the Lighthouse
Exercises on American Literature
1.In the17th century,the English settlements in____and____began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.
●Virginia,Massachusetts
2.Washington Irving's____became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.
●Sketch Book
3.Cooper's enduring fame rests on his frontier stories,especially the five novels that comprise the____.
●Leatherstocking Tales
4.____was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New land.
●Ralph Waldo Emerson
5.A superb book entitled____came out of Henry David Thoreau's two-year experiment at Walden Pond.
●Walden
6.The book____is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.
●Moby Dick
Book two chapter one
1.In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass,__gave America its first genuine epic poem.
●Walt Whitman
2.As the founder of American Critical Realism,____enjoys the fame as“Lincoln of American literature”.
●Mark Twain
3.____was considered the founder of psychological realism in America.
●Henry James
4.The identification of potency（影响）with money is at the heart of Dreiser's greatest and most successful novel,____.
●An American Tragedy
The20th century
1.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the“_____Movement”.
●Imagist
2.The most significant American poem of the20th century was_____.
●The Waste Land
3.____of the1920s characterized by frivolity and carelessness is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.
●The Jazz Age
4.Hemingway's novel___painted the image of a whole generation,the Lost Generation.
●The Sun Also Rises
5.____wrote about the disintegration（瓦解）of the old social system in the American southern states,and the lives of modem people,both black and white.
●William Faulkner
三、True or False
1.In1066,Alexander the Great led the Norman army to invade England.It was called the Norman Conquest.
●F(William the Conqueror）
2.The Story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination（顶点）of the romances about Charles the Great.
●F(King Arthur and his knights)
3.Robinson named Saturday to the saved victim.F(Friday)
4.“A Modest Proposal”is made to Irish government to relieve the poverty of English people.F(Irish)
5.It was Henry Fielding and Tobias Gorge Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.T
6.Of all the romantic poets of the18th century,Blake is the most in-dependent and the most original.T
7.George Eliot produced the remarkable novels including Adam Bede,The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.(true)
8.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte,Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.(true)
党的奋斗目标
9.The Victorian Age was largely an age of prose,especially of the novel.(true)
10.David Copperfield is Thackeray's masterpiece.F(Dickens)
11.The title of the novel Vanity Fair is taken from Bunyan's Pilgrim's progress.(true)
12.In1907,John Galsworthy received the Nobel Prize for“idealism”in literature.Kim is his long novel.F(Kipling)
13.George Bernard Shaw was strongly against the credo of“art for art's sake”.T
14.The Importance of Being Earnest is written by Oscar Wilde.T
15.Hester Prynne is the heroine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter.T
16.In1828,Noah Webster published his An American Dictionary of the English Language.T
17.Stirred by the teachings of transcendentalism,writers of Boston and nearby towns produced a New England literary renaissance.T
18.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's poems.F(novels)
19.Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and nature.T
20.Emily Dickinson is a democratic poet.F(modernist)
21.“The Cop and the Anthem”was written by Jack London.F(O Henry)
22.While embracing the socialism of Marx,Jack London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals.This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel The Call of the Wild F(Martin Eden) 23.Between the mid-19th and the first decade of the20th century,there had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social id natural sciences,as well in the field of art in Europe,which played an indispensable role in bringing about modernism and the modernistic writings in the United States.T 24.The decade of the1910s,American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights.F(1920s)
25.John Steinbeck is a representative of the1930s,when“novels of social protest”became dominant on the American literary scene.T 26.John Updike is considered to be a spokesman for the alienated youth in the post-war era and his The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as students'classic.F（Jerome David Salinger）(J.D.Salinger）四、连线题
作家流派/文体作品Literature Style
Chaucer heroic couplet
英雄双韵体
Romance of the Roses
chiefly under the influence
of French poetry of the
Middle Ages
The House of Fame--《名誉堂》
Troylus and Criseyde《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》
The Legend of Good women--《良妇传说》
The Parliament of Fowls--《百鸟堂》
under the spell of the great
literary geniuses of early
Renaissance Italy:Dante
and Petrarch and
Boccaccio
The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》
Produced his works of
maturity free from any
foreign influence.
William
Langland
Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》Alliteration(头韵)
Thomas More
托马斯.莫尔
Humanism
人文主义Utopia乌托邦
Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根The Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》
高压阻尼线
Of Studies《论读书》;Of wisdom《论智慧》
Essay
John Lyly Eupheus written in a peculiar style known as Euphuism
Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特first introduced the sonnet into English literature
Earl of Surreylogo语言
萨利伯爵
created blank verse Edmund Spenser
埃德蒙.斯宾塞
The Fairy Queen《仙后》Lyrical poetry
Ben Jonson琼生Every Man in His Humour;Volpone,or the Fox;The Alchemist;Bartholomew Fair.
Christopher
Marlowe克里
斯托弗.马洛
Doctor Faustus;The Jew of Malta;Tamburlaine Play Robert Greene George Green;the Pinner of Wakefield
William Shakespeare威廉姆.莎士比亚Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔
王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)
37plays;blank verse
John Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”
poets(玄学派诗
人)
《Death be not proud》《死神莫骄妄》
Songs and Sonnets《歌谣与十四行诗》
The Relic
A Valediction:Forbidding Mourning《离别辞：莫忧伤》
1.Extraordinary frankness,
penetrating realism,
cynicism.
2.Novelty of subject
matter and point of view.
3.Novelty of form.
John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿三个John都是
the Puritans
清教徒派
《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护
《Paradise Lost》失乐园Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》
《Paradise Regained》复乐园
Sonnet-On His Blindness
1.The use of blank verse.
2.Grand style.
3.Inheritance from
traditional works such as
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