Colonial Period 殖民时期
Background: Puritanism 背景：清教主义
1. features of Puritanism 特征宿命论:上帝决定一切之前发生的事情
(1). Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.
(2). Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation. 原罪论:人类生来就是邪恶,这原罪
(3). Total depravity 性恶说有限的赎罪:可以通过一代一代
(4). Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.只有选举才能得救
2. Influence 影响
(1). A group of good qualities –hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influ
enced American literature. 一好的品质——努力工作、节俭、虔诚、节制(严重的和深思熟虑的)美国文学的影响。
蔡晓伟(2). It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. 它导致了永恒的神话。所有的文学是基于一个神话——伊甸园。
(3). Symbolism: the America n puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. 象征意义:美国清教徒的隐喻认知模式主要是在调用形成一个文学象征这是典型的美国人。关于他们的写作,风格清新,简单而直接,修辞是平原和诚实的, (4). With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. 不是没有一点贵族通常起源于圣经的直接影响。 Colonial period and Revolutionary period 殖民时期和革命时期
Benjamin Franklin Jonathan Edwards 本杰明·富兰克林和乔纳森·爱德华兹1. writers of col
onial period Philip Freneau 菲利普?弗伦诺Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor, Roger Williams, John Woolman, Thomas Paine,
安妮?布拉德斯特里特爱德华?泰勒罗杰?威廉姆斯乌尔曼托马斯?潘恩
2. Jonathan Edwards乔纳森?爱德华兹
last important figure in Puritan tradition 最后一个重要人物清教徒的传统Works：The Freedom of the Will 《论意志自由》
The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 《论原罪的教义辩护》
The Nature of True Virtue 《论真实德行的本原》
ideas – pioneer of transcendentalism 思想——先验论的先驱
(1). The spirit of revivalism 信仰复兴运动的精神
(2). Regeneration of man 人的再生(3). God’s presence上帝的存在(4). Puritan idealism 清教徒的理想主义
3. Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林
Works：Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查德历书》
Autobiography 《自传》
Poor Richard’s Almanac: Maxims(谚语，格言)and axioms(哲理，格言)
Lost time is never found again. 光阴一去不复返。
A penny saved is a penny earned. 省一文等于挣一文。
God help them that help themselves. 上帝帮助那些帮助自己。 Fish and visitors stink in three days. 臭鱼和游客在三天。
Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.
Ale in, truth out. 啤酒,真理。早睡早起,使人健康、富有和聪明。
Eat not to dullness. Drink not to elevation. 吃不饱,喝不醉。ocn
Diligence is the Mother of Good Luck. 勤奋是好运之母。
One Today is worth two tomorrow. 一个今天胜似两个明天。
Industry pays debts. Despair encreaseth them. 行业支付债务。绝望他们。
Autobiography: It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English. 自传：它可能是第一个真正的革命后美国写作以及第一个真正的英文自传。
contribution
(1). He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. 他帮助发现宾夕法尼亚州的医院和美国哲学协会。
(2). He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”.他被称为“新普罗米修斯偷了火从天上(在这种情况下电)”。(3). Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master
of each and mastered by none”.一切似乎在这一个人——“杂”的赫尔曼·麦尔维尔。因此称他“没有每掌握大师”。Evaluation 评价
(1). He was a rare genius in human history. 他是人类历史上罕见的天才。
(2). He was the first great self-made man in America, a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age that his fine example helped to liberalize. 第一个在美国伟大的白手起家的人,一个贫穷的民主党人出生在一个贵族时代,他的好例子帮助自由化。 (3). Politically he brought the colonial era to a close. For quite some time he was regarded as the father of all Yankees, even more than Washington was. He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States: the declaration of Independence, the treaty of alliance with France, the treaty of peace with England, and the constitution. 政治上,他带来了殖民时代结束。在相当长的一段时间内他的父亲被认为是所有的洋基队,甚至比华盛顿。他是唯一的美国人签署了美国的四个文件:独立宣言,条约与法国结盟,与英格兰和平条约,宪法。
(4). Scientifically, as the symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment, he invented
a lot of useful implements. His research on electricity, his famous experiment with his kite line and many others made him the preeminent scientist of his day.
科学,作为美国的象征在启蒙时代,他发明了很多有用的实现。他在电力方面的研究,他的著名的实验他的风筝线和许多其他使他杰出的科学家。
(5). Literally, he really opened the story of American literature. D. H. Lawrance agreed that Franklin was everything but a poet. In the Scottish philosopher David Hume’s eyes he was America’s “first great man of letters”.
上海校讯通他真的开了美国文学的故事。同意富兰克林是一切,但诗人。在苏格兰哲学家大卫?休谟的眼睛他美国的“第一伟人的信件”。
American Romanticism 美国浪漫主义
Section 1Early Romantic Period 早期浪漫主义时期
Time: the Independence War ---- the Civil War 1783--1861
1. What is Romanticism?
An approach from ancient Greek: Plato 一种方法从古希腊:柏拉图
A literary trend: 18c in Britain (1798~1832) 文学趋势视觉检测
Schlegel Bros. 施莱格尔兄弟
2. Characteristics of romanticism 浪漫主义的特征
(1). Subjectivity 主体性
特戊酰氯feeling and emotions, finding truth 感觉和情绪,发现真理
五颜六的小老鼠
emphasis on imagination 强调想象力
emphasis on individualism – personal freedom, no hero worship, natural goodness of human beings 强调个人主义,个人自由,没有英雄崇拜、自然人类的善良(2). back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature 回到中世纪,尤其是中世纪unrestrained by classical rules 不受古典规则的民间文学
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