大学英语专业文学翻译

Literary Translation
陈水平  helen.csp@163
Lecture One
1. Definition of Translation
By translation here I specrifically mean translating, the process of translation, in which something is translated, instead of the work translated.
翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格的神韵。(吴献书,1949)
翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。(张培基,1980)
翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。(刘宓庆,1990)
翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。(王克非,1997)
翻译是语际之间的信息传递和语族之间的文化交流。(萧立明,2001)
A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. 好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言,以使译人语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受,如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。(泰特勒,1790)
翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不可分割的统一中所业已表达出来的东西准确而完全地表达出来。(费道罗夫,1953)
Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).翻译的定义也可以这样说:把一种语言(SL)中的篇章材料用另一种语言(TL)中的篇章材料来加以代替。(卡特福德,1965)
Translation consists in reproducing in receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language , first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息最切近的自然对等物,首先是就意义而言,其次是就文体而言。 (奈达,1974)
翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容方面(也就是意义)不变的情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物的过程。(巴尔胡达罗夫,1985中文版)
(Translating) is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. 通常(虽然不能说总是如此),翻译就是把一个文本的意义按作者所意想的方式移译入另一种文字(语言)。(纽马克,1988)
2. Nature of Translation
英联邦成员国There is also a divergence of opinion on nature of translation. Some maintain that translation is a science, since it has its own laws and methods; some advocate that translation is an art, because the translators recreate a literary work by using expressions of another language. For example:
翻译是一种艺术,而非科学。          ——
《英汉翻译津指》陈生保
翻译不仅是一种艺术,一种技巧,还是一门科学。所谓科学,是指可以采用处理语言结构的科学途径、语义分析的途径和信息论来处理翻译问题,也就是采取语言学的、描写的方法来解释翻译过程。
—— 奈达(美)
“翻译是科学”的观点是不能成立的,翻译不是科学,翻译学才是科学。
——《新编奈达论翻译》谭载喜教授
Now there is a tendency to combine their theories into a comprehensive one.
3. Principles / Criteria of Translation
1)A Brief introduction to the history of translation criteria in China
Yan Fu “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance.” Yan Fu’s “faithfulness” means the full and complete conveying or transmission of the original content or though. His “expressive” demands that the version must be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense. So the first two words as translation criteria are acceptable. But his “elegance” is unadoptable because it refers to the use of classical Chinese before Han Dynasty.
Mr. Lin Yutang proposed “faithful, flowing and beautiful” (忠实、通顺、美);
Mr. Lu Xun, the greatest modern Chinese writer advocated “faithfulness” and “smoothness” as translation standards and attached importance to the original flavor. But he once said, “rather be faithful than smooth.” This was only put forward in opposition to Zhao Jingshen’s saying: “it is better to have a smooth version than a faithful one.” And this is, of course, understandable. 东方论坛网
Mr. Fu Lei put forward “to be alike both in spirit and appearance” (神似);
Mr. Qian Zhongshu proposed “hua”(化境).
Then based on the Yan Fu’s three characters, Liu Zhongde put forth” faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness” (信、达、切) in which faithfulness refers to be faithful to the content of the original, expressiveness refers to be as expressive as the original and closeness refers to be as close to the original style as possible.
2)A Brief introduction to the translation criteria in West
Fraser Tytler’s three principles: 1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work 2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. 3) The translation should have the ease of the original composition.(Tytler, 1790)译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容;译文的风格笔调应与原文的性质相同;译文应像原文一样流畅自然。
Nida’s dynamic equivalence and functional equivalence: Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (在目标语中再现原语的思想内容和文体风格,使目
标语尽量接近原语) (Nida, 1982)
3)翻译标准的具体化问题
“具体化”可从不同的角度出发,如可以时间、作者风格、文体、目的等为划分依据来确定所要翻译文本的最终标准。
赖斯以布勒(Buhler)的三种语言功能为基础,分出三种文本类型:重内容content-focused/ informative, 重形式form-focused/expressive, 重感染appeal-focused/operative。
英国文化学派的翻译理论家巴斯奈特(Susan Bassnett)提出四种不同类型的文本:
Different types of texts require different translation strategies: texts to convey information, texts to entertain, texts to persuade, texts that belongs to the “cultural capital” of a given culture.
4) Criteria for Beginners
Faithfulness: 1) refers to the content of the original work 2) includes the keeping of the original style
Smoothness: requires that version must be clear and distinct, flowing and easy to read without signs
of the mechanical word-for-word translation, of obscure and crabbed language, of grammatical mistakes, confused structure and turbid logic.
4. Prerequisites for a Translator
1)  A good knowledge of the two languages
2)  An acquaintance with the subject matter/ the broadening of the range and scope of our general knowledge
3) A good command of translation theory and skills
Examples:
1. He is easily the best student in the class.
他绝对/无疑是班上最好的学生。(他比班上别的学生要好得多。)
2. The stranger robbed his wife. 那个陌生人抢了他妻子的钱(东西)。
I can’t agree more. 我完全同意。(我举双手赞成。)
They gave the boy the lie. 他们指责男孩说谎。(他们指责男孩编造的这个谎言。)
This is a very good price. 真便宜。
She sighed for her mother. 他很怀念母亲。(她渴望见到母亲。)
Her mother died of difficult labor.她母亲死于难产。
I won’t do it to save my life. 我(宁)死也不干。
I dare say he is honest.我认为/我看/我觉得他是诚实的。
I have no opinion of him. 我觉得他不怎么样。
Their panic was their only punishment. 他们只是受了一场虚惊。(有惊无险)
Do you have a family? 你有孩子吗?
He was then bright in the eye.此时他已(喝得)酩酊大醉。
Calculation never makes a hero. 举棋不定永远成不了英雄。
He has many hot potatoes to handle every day.他每天要处理许多棘手的问题。
陈先生乃中国学界泰斗,他的那本书似为汉语修辞学的嚆矢(haoshi)。
Mr. Chen, our respected teacher, is a renowned master in the academic circles of China. The book written by him seems to be the earliest one in the Chinese rhetoric studies.
那研究生英年好学,矻矻三载,终使其论文得以付梓。
That graduate student at his life’s full flowering was eager to learn, worked diligently and untiringly for 3 years, and finally he had his th
esis published.
不少人认为“信达雅”是严复的戛戛(jiajia)独造,并奉之为译事圭臬(guinie)。
Many people hold that “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance” is Yan Fu’s own great original creation and regard it as the standard of translation.
在旧中国,小人当道,瓦釜雷鸣的情形屡见不鲜。
In old China, it was a general case that mean persons were in power and unworthy people were influential and in high places.
5.  Translator’s Workbox
词典:《汉英大词典》《新世纪汉英大词典》 《汉英科技大词典》
杂志:《中国翻译》 《中国科技翻译》 《上海科技翻译》 《英语世界》
报刊:《 21世纪报》 《北京周报》  《中国日报》  《今日中国》
网站: 翻译人才网        cntranslators
中国自由翻译人网      www.china-linguist/
中国翻译网        www.chinatranslate
译林网      www.yilin/cn/
中国译协网     
人民日报网      www.peopledaily/
联合国网      /english/
汉英双语网站      www.bilinguist
香港中文大学翻译系      www.cuhk.edu.hk/tra/
中华翻译      wwwstaff.murdoch.edu.au/~ysang/chinatranslators.htm
中国翻译家联盟    anslator
6. Certificate for Translators
1 全国外语翻译证书考试(NAETI)
有机锡化合物National Accreditation Examinations for Translators and Interpreters 由教育部考试中心和北京外国语大学合作举办。网址:www.bfsu.edu 和 a.edu
2 全国翻译资格考试(CATTI)
China Aptitude Test for Translators and Interpreters  由国家人事部统一规划,中国外文局组织实施,网址是: www.wwjtraining
第二部分 翻 译方法
Lecture 2 : Domestication and Foreignization
1. 归化和异化之源
翻译界直译(literal translation)与意译(liberal translation)之争,可谓由来已久。而归化(domesticating translation)与异化(foreignizing translation)之争,则是直译与意译之争的延伸。归化和异化可看成直译和意译概念的延伸,但并不完全等同于直译与意译。 如果说直译和意译是语言层次的讨论,那么,归化和异化则是将语言层次的讨论延续升格至文化、诗学和政治层面。也就是说,直译和意译之争的靶心是意义和形式的得失问题,而归化和异化之争的靶心则是处在意义和形式得失旋涡中的文化身份、文学性乃至话语权利的得失问题。随着文化日益成为翻译的重心,归化异化孰优孰劣的争论声也越来越大。独眼喙鼻畸形
1997年英国出版的《翻译研究词典》(Dictionary of Translation Studies)认为归化和异化的说法直接来源于德国早期思想家斯莱尔马赫(Schleiermacher)1813年6月24日在柏林皇家科学院所作的题为《论翻译的方法》(On Different Me
thods of Translation)的演讲. 斯莱尔马赫说: “翻译只有两种方法,不是译者不打扰读者,尽可能让读者
靠拢作者,就是译者尽量不打扰作者,让作者靠拢读者。” 美籍意大利翻译理论家文努蒂(Venuti)便是在此基础上结合社会文化、政治、意识形态、历史等因素,于 1995年在《译者的隐身》(The Translator’s Invisibility)一书中将归化和异化作为翻译术语提出。
在上一个世纪,有围绕鲁迅的“硬译”而展开的洋化与归化之争。在此以前,严复、林纾、梁启超等人的翻译,均可视为归化的翻译。“鲁迅的‘硬译’及他的翻译思想是出于他‘反对封建主义,改造国民性’的理念。但鲁迅的意图招致了误读,‘硬译’的倡议最终淹没在归化论的喧嚣声中。后来傅雷的‘神似’论、钱钟书的‘化境’说可以说都是归化论的延伸。可见,归化/异化的讨论往往都是归化论占上风,虽说大家都赞成要保留洋味。”(葛校琴,2002:33)
泱泱中华是文化大国。数千年丰厚的文化底蕴造就的中华文明有着独特的魅力,从古至今不仅使炎黄子孙为之骄傲,也无时无刻不吸引着世界的目光。在中国古典作品的对外翻译中,处理好异化归化之间的矛盾有着特殊的意义。
2. 归化和异化之义
归    化
根据文努蒂的理论,《翻译研究词典》将归化定义为:在翻译中采用透明、流畅(transparent, fluent
style)的风格,最大限度淡化原文陌生感(strangeness)的翻译策略。奈达是归化论的代表人物。他提出的“最贴近的自然对等”理论把译文读者置于首位。他认为译文读者从译文中所获得的感受应该尽可能接近于原文读者从原文中获得的感受。因此,译者有责任帮译文读者将一些有可能难于理解的信息“改头换面”,从而使译文的阅读与理解轻松自如。
奈达将翻译中的文化因素分为五类,一:生态文化;二:语言文化;三:宗教文化;四:物质文化;五:社会文化。下面我们从中国古典名著《红楼梦》的英译中选取一些宗教文化、物质文化以及社会文化的例子作一分析。
1)宗教文化
谋事在人,成事在天。 (曹雪芹)
Man proposes, Heaven disposes, (Yang Xianyi)
Man proposes, God disposes, (Hawkes)
“天”在中国古代哲学中占据着至高无
\上的地位。而“天”与“人”的关系则是异常敏感的。皇帝自称“天子”,要稳固统治必须“顺天应民”;揭竿
而起的造反者号称要“替天行道”。“天”似乎是一切规律、法则的总称。仅仅把它理解成佛教的影响似乎有些太过笼统。对于这样一个虚无飘渺不可捉摸的概念,外国读者如何才能理解并接受呢?好在西方也有类似的哲学思想,因此杨宪益和霍克斯分别
使用“上天”和“上帝”这两个概念替换了“天”。原则上说,杨译是异化,霍译属于归化。
2)物质文化
一部《红楼梦》就如同一部中国古代文化的百科全书,其间物质文化之丰富令人叹为观止。无疑,中国文化中独特的物质文化给古籍英译带来很大的障碍。《红楼梦》中服饰、医药、礼仪、建筑、文学、饮食、民俗等等无一不包,翻译时一旦处理不好就会蕴意尽失。曹氏在描写贾家无尽风光之后的败落时写道:陋室空堂,当年笏满床。(曹雪芹)“陋室” “空堂”哪个文化中都有,不足以构成理解障碍,难就难在什么叫“当年笏满床”,这个“笏”有什么特殊的寓意呢?中国古代礼仪规定,官员百姓不得直视君王,因此官员上朝面君时往往带上一块用竹、玉或象牙做成的细长的板子,可以在上面记事。(“陋室空堂当年笏满床”,笏,笏板,做官的,象牙的,带弯的,见皇帝,床不是睡觉的床,古代的床就是摆东西的架子,这个大富贵之家,他们做官那个笏板下了朝来都摆在那儿,都摆满了。)
杨宪益翻译如下:
Mean huts and empty halls,Where emblems of nobility once hung. (Yang) 在杨的笔下,笏不是笏,而是显示高官厚禄的“徽章”。读者便不必去无谓地猜测自己文化中没有的物质,而抓住这一特定的物质所揭示的寓意,这不是事半功倍吗?北城居
霍克斯对本句的处理同样也可圈可点:Mean hovels and abandoned halls,Where courtiers once paid daily calls. (Hawkes)为了显示贾家的位高权重,霍克斯既没有把“笏板”直译,也没有象杨一样转成“族徽”,而是从其他官员日日拜访贾家来间接告诉读者,贾家非同一般。真是神来之笔。
3)社会文化
《红楼梦》中的民俗文化异常丰富,尤其是小人物口中的俗语更是别有一番风味。
俗语说得好:“杀人不过头点地。”(意思是目的达到了,就不要再继续下去了,有点类似于不要得陇望蜀的意味,用以比喻做人或者做事情要留有余地,不要太过分,以免殃及无辜或给他人带来更多的痛苦和不幸,那样对自己也未必有太多的好处。)
Remember the proverb “A murder can only lose his head.”(Yang)
“You know what the proverb says:He who checks a moment’s rage.Shall calm and carefree end his days. ”(Hawkes)
杨宪益在处理本句时使用了直译法,和霍克斯使用归化译法相比,虽然也可以将汉语中的慷慨表现出来,但明显不如后者生动形象。归化翻译的正确恰当应用使本句让译文读者更加易于接受了。
异    化
毫无疑问,异化决不是简单的直译。因为异化的概念已经远远超出了语言的层面,而上升到了文化、诗学、以及政治的层次。文努蒂对异化的定义是:偏离本土主流金梅子

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