句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语，补语，同位语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。 I．八大成分的概念和构成
1． 主语(名词代词)：句子的主体，是谓语陈述，说明的对象。
充当主语的形式：1）名词 2）代词 3）名词短语 4）名词从句 （主语从句） 5）数词 6）不定式 7）-ing形式(动名词) 如：Students study. 学生学习。（名词）
We are friends. 我们是朋友秘鲁渔场.（代词）
Watching a movie is pleasure, but making a movie is hard work. (动名词)
To teach English is my job.（不定式）
注意：不定式或动名词作主语时，一般用it作形式主语，不定式时放句末作真正的主语。
所以上面的句子可变为：It is my job to teach English.
The secret of success is never to give up. (名词短语)
To see is to believe. (不定式)/Seeing is believing. (耳听为虚眼见为实).
What the teacher said in class impressed me very much. （主语从句）
2． 谓语：表示主语的行为或进行的活动。
谓语部分可以为：①情态动词+原形动词 ②谓语动词单复数形式 ③be+现在分词或者过去分词④、has/have/had+过去分词 ⑤do/does/did n’t+原形动词⑥do/does/did +原形动词（确实。。。）
如：He can speak English.
花式冰咖啡I have a dream./He has a dream.
All the men have done their best.
The pizza has gone bad.
You don’t always want what you need.
I am studying English Grammar now.
My house was burnt.
When I reached to the station, the train had left.
I do hope to get along well with my classmates.
3． 宾语：行为或活动的对象，动作的承受者。
充当宾语形式：1）名词 2）代词 3）名词短语 4）名词从句（宾语从句） 5）数词
6）不定式 7）-ing形式(动名词)
She is playing the piano now.
He often helps me.
You should pay 5 YUAN.
You don’t find opportunities, you should make them.
你不到机会。你得去创造机会。
You probably won’t hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.
如果你常开着电视，你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。
The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.
那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。
注意：
①动词后面跟双宾语：
动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)/ 动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。
He often gives me some help.=he often gives help to me.
Please make me a kite. =Please make a kite for me.
（make, buy时,介词用for.日本五节句其他动词一般用介词to）
②如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句555集成块,则常用it做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语移后
I found (to do ) the job rather difficult. = I found it rather difficult to do the job.
I find it interesting that I learn English.
4． 表语：说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)
系动词主要有：be动词；感官动词（look，taste，smell，feel，sound）；表状态变化的动词（get, become, turn，grow）；seem , appear, keep ,remain 。（系动词没有被
动）
表语的构成形式：1）名词 2）形容词 3）代词 4）数词 5）不定式 6）ing形式
7）过去分词 8）副词 9）介词短语 10）名词从句（表语从句）
Time is money.
You look very young.
They were at home.
Her face turned red.
My hobby is collecting stamps.
My dream is to be a pilot.
I’m very excited when I hear the message/at the news .
I’m here.
The tree is in front of the house.
It seems as if it will rain.
The fact is that you’re wrong.
5．补语：补充说明。（由动词类别来决定）
补语的构成形式：1）名词 2）代词 3）形容词 4）数词 5）不定式 6）-ing形式
7）过去分词 8）介词短语
主语补语
Tom was made monitor.
宾语补语
I made Tom monitor.（名词）
I saw my friend caught by the police.（过去分词）
I saw my friend entering the bank.（ -ing形式）
I heard my friend sing in the next room.(省略to不定式做宾补)
My friend was heard to sing in the next door.（主语补语）
I think/consider you kind (形容词)
6、定语：对名词进行范围限定。
定语的构成形式：1）限定词 2）形容词 3）名词 (被修饰名词的类别与性质) 4）数词 5）不定式（后定） 6）-ing形式（单个词作前定，短语作后定）7）过去分词（单个词作前定，短语作后定） 8）介词短语（后定） 10）定语从句（后定）
That book is mine.
This is 医学检验技术是干嘛的beautiful music.
There are three apple trees in front of our house.(单数名词作定语)
Two women teachers(man 、woman作定语要用复数)
Is there something to eat?
I saw a flying bird in the sky.
I like the novels written by LX.
The umbrella behind the door was gone.
The bird that/which was flying in the sky was killed.
7. 同位语：对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。
构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）名词从句
(同位语从句)
Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.
I， a high school student, like math best.
The news that the president will visit our school makes me excited.
8. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词，句子。位置：自由自在。
表示行为发生的时间，地点，程度，频度，方式，伴随，原因，目的，比较等。
构成形式:1）副词 2)介词短语 3）状语从句 4）不定式5）ing形式6）过去分词
Can you feel the love tonight?
To catch up with my classmates , I must study hard.
With his help, we worked out this problem.
He looks tired because he stayed up late yesterday.
He runs fast.
I’m very tired.
He runs so fast.
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Honestly, you’re silly.
英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语（核心：主动词）
1) The teacher in the classroom.
2) Sang many songs and danced happily.
3) She attracts. 4)Many people living in the country.
4) All the books on the desk over there.
以上这些形式 没有中心词（动词）都不能构成英语句子。
II．成分关系
1．补语跟着宾语跑：
补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态，则宾补就变成了主补。
To love others makes us happy…to love ourselves makes us lonely.（宾补）
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