Part1英语句子成分
一、词类
英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it .
3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange .
4、数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。如：43caoam, is,are,have,see .中德企业
6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.
8、介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.
二、句子成分
1.主语：一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句或名词化形容词等充当。如：
■ The car is running fast. / The girl can sing many English songs.(名词)
■ We are students. / This is my pen . Yours is on the desk.(代词)
■ One of my classmates is from Shanghai. / Two and three is five.(数词)
■ The blind need more help.(名词化的形容词)
■ It's bad manners to spit in public. (不定式)
■ Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词)
■ 【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。
2.谓语：一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如： ■ 由单一动词作谓语：We are Chinese. / He has an English- Chinese dictionary.
■ 情态动词加主要动词：We can play the piano. / You must see the doctor.
■ 助动词加主要动词构成谓语：She is talking with her sister. / I have seen this man before.
【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。
3.表语：一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有：be，look，get，sound(听起来)，feel，become， smell，turn，taste(尝起来)等。如：
蓝基因超级计算机■ They are workers.(名词)
■ Two and three is five.(数词)
■ The story is very interesting.(形容词)
■ M y job is teaching English.(动名词)
■ She is at home.(介词短语)
■ I feel terrible.(形容词)
■ The dish tastes delicious.(形容词)
■ He is here (副词)
■ It’s getting dark. / He got very angry. / The hill has turned green. (形容词)
Be动词（am，is，are, was, were）
表保持（keep, stay）
系动词 表改变（get， become， turn）
感官动词（feel，sound，seem/look，taste，smell）
4.宾语：是及物动词所涉及的对象，是动作的对象或承受者。一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如： ■ He is doing his homework. / I saw a plane in the sky just now. (名词)
■ They did nothing this morning. / I met him on my way home.(代词)
■ I want three./ Please pass me the first. (数词法)
■ She wants to go home.(不定式)
■ We enjoy playing football.(动名词)
【注意】①有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass， tell，leave等。如：
He bought me a book.
Pass me the ball，will you？(间宾＋直宾)
直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或 for等。如：
Han Chen lent some money to Tom.(直宾＋间宾)
Lucy bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾＋间宾)
②有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用动名词。这类动词有：want，wish， hope，promise，decide，agree， choose，care等。如：
I hope to see you again.
③有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise，miss， suggest，keep(on)等。如：
Do you mind my opening the window？
④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。
a)forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如：
Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)敏感性分析
I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了)
b)stop to do(不定式为状语)表示“停下原来的事，去做另一件事”，stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如：I stopped to talk with him.(我停下来与他谈话。)
The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。
注意：英语中带有宾语的谓语动词叫及物动词，不带宾语的叫不及物动词。及物动词后必须跟上宾语意义才完整，不及物动词本身意义已完整，后面不跟宾语。
You may use my pen. / Do you like fish? ( 及物)
太原艾滋病检测Dick swims very well. / The sun rises in the east. (不及物)
不及物动词可加介词再加宾语
We are listening to the music.
They are talking to each other.
既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词的词：
We are growing tomatoes. / Tomatoes grow well in our garden.
They left Shanghai yesterday. / They left yesterday.
My mother teaches in this school. / She teaches English.
We are studying. / We study English.
We began our lesson at nine. / The lecture began at nine.
5. 直接宾语与间接宾语。
■ 有些及物动词可带有两个宾语，其中一个指物（直接宾语），另一个指人（间接宾语）。我们称为双宾语。
■ 动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）
He lent me a book. / He bought me a pen. / I have taught myself English for ten years.
■ 动词+直接宾语（物）+（to,for）+间接宾语（人）
He gave his son some advice. = He gave some advice to his son.
Father bought me a computer. = Father bought a computer for me.
6. 定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如：
■ What a beautiful kite it is！/ They have a clever son.(形容词)
■ She is a chemistry teacher. / It is a color film.(名词)
■ There are two students in the classroom.(数词)
■ This song is better than that one. (代词)
■ Do you know the young man over there? (副词)
■ We have something to do tomorrow.(不定式)
■ The man in blue is my brother.(介词短语)
单个词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。
说明1：当定语修饰不定代词：nothing, anything, everything, something等时，定语在不定代词后面。
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