姓名：***
申请学位级别：硕士
国产猎专业：农业资源利用
指导教师：***
2009-12
新疆特果树葡萄、蟠桃节水技术研究
摘 要
新疆降雨稀少，蒸发强烈，水资源时空分布不均，生态环境十分脆弱。水是新疆第一重要战略资源，是
制约干旱绿洲区社会经济与环境协调发展的重要因素，是绿洲水土安全、生态安全的重要基础；新疆95%的农田依靠灌溉，“荒漠绿洲，灌溉农业”是新疆干旱区农业的一大特。 自上世纪90年代中期以来，新疆就大力发展特林果业。然而目前，果树的灌溉技术落后，灌溉管理粗放，一方面造成果品品质差、效益低，另一方面造成水资源紧缺，严重阻碍了林果产业的发展。本文在借鉴国内外同类研究的基础上，在吐鲁番地区和阜康市开展新疆特林果葡萄、蟠桃节水高效灌溉技术研究，初步得到以下结论：
1. 覆膜沟灌较传统沟灌减少田间土壤水分的无效蒸发，可提高灌水效率24.2%，水分生产率提高 1.34kg/m3，并初步确定吐鲁番红柳河园艺场地区成龄葡萄覆膜灌溉的适宜灌溉制度为：灌溉定额16275m3/hm2，灌水定额525m3/hm2，灌水次数25次。其中花前期灌水7次，灌水周期为7天；花期灌水1-2次，灌水周期为6天，果实膨大前期灌水12次，灌水周期为5天；果实膨大后期灌水3次，灌水周期为6天；成熟期灌水7次，灌水周期为8天；修剪量应较常规修剪增加15-20%。 2. 滴灌条件下成龄葡萄花前期日均耗水邵阳学院学报
3.3mm，花期约为3.6mm，花期结束后的12～15天是葡萄的需水关键期，果实膨大前期是葡萄需水高峰期，日均耗水量最大达5.3mm。采收后葡萄耗水量迅速下降，成熟期的日平均耗水量为3.6mm。全生育期葡萄的耗水量约为806.8mm，果实膨大前期的需水模数最大，为36.32%。并初步确定吐鲁番
地区成龄葡萄滴灌的灌溉制度为：灌溉定额10500m3/hm2，灌水定额150m3/hm2，灌水次数：花前期16次，花期3次，果实膨大前期30次，果实膨大后期7次，成熟期14次。
3. 葡萄覆盖节水技术试验表明，覆膜处理较对照能够提高地温，促进葡萄的早期生长和萌芽，减少蒸发；覆盖秸秆会降低土壤温度，但保水效果最佳。三种覆盖方法都有明显的增产作用，增产率为：覆膜20.1%，覆盖秸秆1
细菌分析
4.5%，种草13.5%。整体评价以覆膜的效果最好，覆盖秸秆次之，种草的效果还需进一步探讨。
4. 在三工河流域典型灌溉条件下，进行不同入沟流量的田间灌水技术试验，结果表明：沟灌条件下入沟流量对Ｅｄ、Ｅａ的影响较大，总体而言，Ｅｄ、Ｅａ随入沟流量的增加而增高，在相近条件下宜采用较大的入沟流量；蓄水坑灌条件下两种入沟流量的Ｅｄ和Ｅａ差异较小，表明入沟流量不是影响蓄水坑灌灌水质量的主要因素，在土壤、地形等灌溉条件较差地区，蓄水坑灌法是适宜于果树的地面灌溉技术形式。
5. 三工河流域定植3-4年蟠桃的节水高产灌溉制度为：灌溉定额为3900m3/hm2（不包括春灌和冬灌），全生育期灌水7次，其中萌芽期灌水1次，灌水定额450 m3/hm2，花前期灌水1次，灌水定额525m3/hm2，花期灌水1次，灌水定额525m3/hm2，果树膨大期灌水2-3次，灌水定额600m3/hm2，成熟期灌水1-2次，灌水定额600m3/hm2。
关键词：葡萄；蟠桃；节水；灌溉制度；滴灌；灌水效率
新疆特果树葡萄、蟠桃节水技术研究
Study on special fruit tree grape and flat peach
water-saving technology in Xinjiang全宋词检索
Abstract
Xinjiang is lack of the rainfall, and evaporation here is fierce, the space time distribution of water resource is odds and environment is quite fragile in Xinjiang. The water is the first important tactic resource in Xinjiang , which is the important factor to restrict society economy and environment correspond development in Arid Oasis. Water is the important base of water and soil security and zoology safe in Oasis. About 95% of farmland depends on irrigation in Xinjiang. “Hungriness Oasis, Irrigated Farming” is characteristic of agriculture in Xinjiang arid.
Since the metaphase of 1990s’, feature fruit got a vigorous development in Xinjiang. However, the irrigation technology of fruit tree dropped behind at present and irrigation management is lack of care. This result is not only make bad fruit quality and low benefit, b ut also make the water resource
lacked, which seriously blocked the development of forest fruit industry. Based on the same research inland and overseas, this paper developed a research on water-saving irrigation technology of feature fruit such as grape and flat peach in Tulufan area and Fukang city. Research got a initial result as follows:
1. Furrow irrigation with film cover compare with common irrigation can reduce invalidation evaporation of soil moisture and improve irrigation efficiency to 26.1%, water production efficiency increase 1.46kg/m3. Accidence confirm aged grape cover film irrigation appropriate irrigation schedule in Tulufan red willow river gardening area as follows: irrigation norm is 16275m3/hm2, irrigation norm is 525 m3/hm2 per time, the time of irrigation is 25 times. In the bloom prophase irrigating 7 times, irrigation cycle is 7 days, in florescence irrigating 1 to 2 times, irrigation cycle is 6 days; in the bulgy fruit prophase irrigating 12 times, irrigation cycle is 5 days; in fruit bulgy prophase irrigating 3 times, irrigation cycle is 6 days; in autumn irrigating 7 times, irrigation cycle is 8 days. Pollarded quantity compare with common increasing 15% to 20%.
2. Drip irrigation on grape daily average water consume in bloom prophase is
3.32mm. In bloom, daily average water consume is about 3.65mm. After the 12 to 15 days the bloom
phase is the key period, bulgy fruit prophase is the fastigium of the grape water require, daily average water consume reaches 5.3mm. After picking fruits, grape water consume dropped rapidly. The daily average water cost is 3.6mm in autumn. The water consume of the generational period grape is about 806.8mm. The water consume modulus in bulgy fruit prophase is the biggest, about 36.32%. Accidence confirm aged grape drop irrigation schedule in Tulufan area as follows: the irrigation norm is 105000m3/hm2, the irrigation norm is 150m3/hm2 per time. The time of irrigation is as follows: 16 times in the bloom prophase, 3 times in the bloom, 30 times in bulgy fruit prophase, 7 times in bulgy fruit anaphase, 14 times in autumn
3. The techniques of water saving irrigation in grapes shows that the processing of cover with film to the grape compare with others can increase ground temperature, decreasing the evaporation. Although overlaying straw will decrease ground temperature, its effectiveness of holding water is the best. Three methods of overlaying have obviously increasing in yield. The percentage increase: cover with membrane increased 20.1%, overlaying straw increased 1
4.5%, and planting grass increased 13.5%. In the whole, effectiveness of cover with membrane is the best, overlaying straw is the second. Planting grass still need further studies.
4. The irrigation experiment of different inflow flux into the ditch on representative condition was
conducted in Sangong River valley, Results show the Influence of inflow flux to E d and E a is obvious for furrow irrigation, in sum, E d and E a increased with the increase inflow flux into the ditch and on furrow irrigation, so the author advises to adopt higher inflow flux into the ditch in similar condition. The influence of the inflow flux into the ditch to E d and E a is indistinct for water storage pit irrigation; show the inflow flux into the ditch isn’t primary effect factor for irrigation quality. In the poor areas of soil and terrain conditions, water storage pit irrigation method is suitable for the fruit forms on the ground irrigation technology
5. The water-saving irrigation schedule of flat peach aged 3 to 4 years in Sangong River is as follows: the irrigation norm is 3900m3/hm2 (exclude spring irrigation and autumn irrigation). The generation period needs 7 times of the irrigation, the bud period needs 7 times of the irrigations. The irrigation norm is 450 m3/hm2 per time; 1 irrigation in bloom prophase, the irrigation norm is 525 m3/hm2per time; 1 irrigation in florescence, the irrigation norm is 525 m3/hm2 per time; 2 to 3 times of irrigations in the bulgy fruit period, the irrigation norm is 600 m3/hm2per time; 1 to 2 times of irrigations in autumn, the irrigation norm is 600 m3/hm2 per time.
Key words: grape；flat peach；water-saving；irrigation schedule； drip irrigation；irrigation efficiency
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