每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是Research Proposal的写作。它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究 的机会。?
How to write a research proposal??
能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。但形式也
很重要。英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”。程式化和结构化的好处就在于，
可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。对于非英语native speaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具
启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。[点击这里，查看更多关于RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及GRANT PROPOSAL、PROJECT PROPOSAL写作的网上资源]?
文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：?
Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.?
A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.?
Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.?
The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.?
The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.?
This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.?
TITLE:?
It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.?
ABSTRACT:?
It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.?
INTRODUCTION:?
The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.?
If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.?
Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening
paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.?
However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.?
李孝海The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:?
网格化管理1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.?
2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.?
钢铁冶金设备维护3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.?
青于蓝高考语文核按钮4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.?
5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.?
6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)?
7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.?邢台水灾
8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)?
LITERATURE REVIEW:?
Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.?
The literature review serves several important functions:?
1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.?
2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.?
3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.?
4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.?
5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.?
财产继承权6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.?
7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.?
8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).?
Most students’ literature reviews suffer from the following problems:?
* Lacking organization and structure?
* Lacking focus, unity and coherence?
* Being repetitive and verbose?
* Failing to cite influential papers?
* Failing to keep up with recent developments?
* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers?
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