Unit1
❶The University of Oxford is the oldest university in Britain and one of the world's most famous institutions of higher learning, established during the 1100s. It is located in Oxford, England, about 80 kilometers northwest of London.shibor利率
牛津大学是英国最古老的大学，也是世界上最著名的高等学府之一，建于11世纪，位于英国牛津，伦敦西北约80公里处。 ❷Oxford is very competitive: more than 19000 people applied for around 3200 undergraduate places for entry in 2016, which means that Oxford receives, on average, nearly 6 applications for each available place. 40% of the total student body — over 9300 students —is citizens of foreign countries. Students come to Oxford from over 140 countries and territories. There are 38 Oxford colleges plus six permanent private halls, which are similar to colleges except that they tend to be smaller, and were founded by various religious groups. 牛津大学竞争非常激烈：2016年，超过19000人申请了3200个本科入学名额，这意味着牛津大学平均每个入学名额收到近6个申请。学生总数的40%——9300多名学生——是外国公民。来自140多个国家和地区的学生来到牛津。牛津大学共有38所学院，外加6个永久性的私人大厅，这些大厅与学院相似，只是规模较小，由不同宗教团体创建。
❸At Oxford, each college is a corporate body distinct from the university and is governed by its own head and fellows. Most fellows are college instructors called tutors, and the rest are university professors and lecturers. Each college manages its own buildings and property, elects its own fellows, and selects and admits its own undergraduate students. The university provides some libraries, laboratories, and other facilities, but the colleges take primary responsibility for the teaching and well-being of their students.
在牛津大学，每个学院都是一个不同于大学的法人团体，由自己的校长和研究员管理。大多数研究员是大学教师，称为导师，其余的是大学教授和讲师。每一所学院管理自己的建筑物和财产，选举自己的院士，挑选和录取自己的本科生。大学提供一些图书馆、实验室和其他设施，但学院对学生的教学和福利负有主要责任。 ❹The university, not the individual colleges, grants degrees. The first degree in the arts or sciences is the Bachelor of Arts with honors. Oxford also grants higher degrees, diplomas, and certificates in a wide variety of subjects.
大学而不是个别学院授予学位。文科或理科的第一学位是荣誉文科学士学位。牛津大学还授予各种学科的更高学位、文凭和证书。
❺Each student at Oxford is assigned to a tutor, who supervises the student's program of study, primarily through tutorials. Tutorials are weekly meetings of one or two students with their tutor. Students may see other tutors for specialized instruction. They may also attend lectures given by university teachers. Students choose which lectures to attend on the basis of their own special interests and on the advice of their tutors.
牛津大学的每个学生都有一名导师，主要通过辅导来监督学生的学习计划。家教是一到两个学生每周和他们的家教开会。学生可以其他导师进行专业指导。他们也可以参加大学教师的讲座。学生根据自己的特殊兴趣和导师的建议选择参加哪些讲座。
❻There are numerous prizes awarded each year to both undergraduate and postgraduate
students to recognize outstanding achievements. Prizes are also awarded annually by the Examiners to undergraduate students to recognize outstanding performance in examinations. For instance, The Rebecca West Prize for Writing is open to all students at the University of Oxford.
每年都有许多奖项授予本科生和研究生，以表彰他们的杰出成就。考官每年还向本科生颁发奖品，以表彰他们在考试中的突出表现。例如，丽贝卡·韦斯特写作奖对牛津大学的所有学生开放。
❼Today, Oxford is a modern, research-driven university. Its prowess in the sciences is particularly noteworthy: Oxford has been ranked number one in the world for medicine for five years running by The Times Higher Education Supplement (2011-16). Oxford is also ranked in the top six globally in engineering, life sciences, social sciences and the arts and humanities.
劳思光
今天，牛津大学是一所现代的、以研究为导向的大学。它在科学方面的能力尤其值得注意：牛津大学在《泰晤士报高等教育副刊》（2011-16）上连续五年名列世界医学第一。牛津大学在工程、生命科学、社会科学以及艺术和人文学科方面也名列全球前六。
❽The university's reputation in research, education, and engagement are underpinned by an innovative and holistic digital capability. This will support the significance, capacity, and impact of the university's research, the variety and distinction of the learning, teaching and student experience that it provides, and will inform its present strategic priorities of interdisciplinary scholarship and global reach.
大学在研究、教育和参与方面的声誉由创新和整体数字能力支撑。这将支持大学研究的重要性、能力和影响，大学提供的学习、教学和学生经验的多样性和差异性，并将为其当前跨学科学术和全球范围的战略优先事项提供信息。
❾The university will sustain and enhance its excellence in scholarship by embracing the opportunities afforded by digital technologies. The digital strategy will enable it to maintain a position of leadership by providing a foundation for the transformative enhancement of research, teaching and innovation through digital technologies and communications. Effective digital communications will also ensure that this digital shift benefits society on a national and a global scale.
大学将通过利用数字技术提供的机会，保持并提高其在学术上的卓越水平。数字战略将使它能够保持领导地位，通过数字化技术和通信为研究、教学和创新的变革性增强提供基础。有效的数字通信还将确保这一数字转变在国家和全球范围内造福社会。
❿Oxford, Stanford and Yale Universities have recently become partners in a joint "distance learning" venture, the Alliance for Lifelong Learning, which provides online courses in the arts and sciences.
牛津大学、斯坦福大学和耶鲁大学最近成为“远程学习”合资企业“终身学习联盟”的合作伙伴，该联盟提供艺术和科学方面的在线课程。
⓫The University of Oxford aims to lead the world in research and education. It seeks to do this in ways which benefit society on a national and a global scale. Oxford will build on the university's long traditions of independent scholarship and academic freedom while fostering a culture in which innov
ation plays an important role.
牛津大学的目标是领导世界的研究和教育。它力求以有利于国家和全球社会的方
式做到这一点。牛津大学将建立在大学悠久的独立学术和学术自由传统的基础上，同时培养一种创新发挥重要作用的文化。
⓬In support of this aim the university will provide the facilities and support for its staff to pursue innovative research by responding to developments in the intellectual environment and society at large; and promote challenging and rigorous teaching which benefits from a fruitful interaction with the research environment, facilitating the exchange of ideas through tutorials and small-group learning and exploiting the university's resources in its libraries, museums, and scientific collections, to equip its graduates to play their part at a national and international level.
为支持这一目标，大学将为其工作人员提供便利和支持，通过响应知识环境和整个社会的发展，进行创新性研究；并促进富有挑战性和严谨的教学，这得益于与研究环境的富有成效的互动，通过辅导和小组学习促进思想交流，并利用大学图书馆、博物馆和科学藏品中的资源，使大学毕业生能够在国家和国际一级发挥作用。
Unit4
❶ Beijing Opera is a form of traditional Chinese theater that originated in Beijing in the late 18th century. Compared to other types of Chinese theater, it is a relatively new style of drama, combining music, song, dance and acrobatics in a lively and colorful display.
京剧是中国传统戏剧的一种形式，起源于18世纪末的北京。与其他类型的中国戏剧相比，它是一种比较新颖的戏剧形式，集音乐、歌舞、杂技于一体，呈现出生动多彩的面貌。 ❷The birth year of Beijing Opera is commonly set in 1790, the year of the eightieth birthday of the Qianlong Emperor. Up until that point in the early Qing dynasty (1644-1911), the educated nobility favored Kunqu Opera, which was known for its elegant music and fine language. On the other hand, various styles of regional popular theater enjoyed by commoners were dismissed by the Chinese elite.
京剧的诞生年份一般定在1790年，即乾隆皇帝八十寿辰。直到清初（1644-1911），受过良好教育的贵族才喜欢昆曲，昆曲以优美的音乐和优美的语言著称。另一方面，平民百姓喜爱的各种类型的地域性流行剧场，也被中国精英所摒弃。
❸That changed in 1790, when four seasoned drama troupes from Anhui province entered the capital to perform for the imperial court in celebration of Qianlong’s birthday. The occasion marked the first ti
中国盐业协会me regional popular theater was performed in Beijing. The four troupes later came to be known as “the Four Great Anhui Troupes,” and together dominated Beijing theater for the next century.
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这种情况在1790年发生了变化，当时来自安徽的四个老练剧团进京为朝廷演出，庆祝乾隆诞辰。这是第一次在北京演出区域性的流行戏剧。这四个剧团后来被称为“安徽四大剧团”，并共同统治了下个世纪的北京剧院。 ❹In the early years of Beijing Opera, all the actors were men, with the roles of women played by young boys. The stories fell into two main categories — Wen Xi, or civil theater, which focused on love, marriage and other civilian concerns, and Wu Xi, or military theater, which revolved around the theme of war and was known for featuring thrilling acrobatic feats.
京剧早期，演员都是男的，女的角都是男的。这些故事分为两大类：文戏和武
戏，前者以爱情、婚姻等平民题材为主，后者以战争题材为主，以惊险的杂技表演著称。
❺In the 19th century, a theater district established itself in central Beijing, just south of the Imperial City. The playhouses also functioned as tea houses, and patrons were served food and tea as they enjoyed the shows. Notably, the powerful Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) was an enthusiastic p
atron of Beijing Opera. She had two stages built in the Summer Palace, as well as a smaller stage in her private quarters, and often summoned the city’s most gifted artists to the royal palace to perform for her.
19世纪，一个剧院区在北京市中心建立，就在皇城的南部。戏院也起到了茶馆的作用，顾客们在欣赏表演的同时，也得到了食物和茶。值得注意的是，强大的慈禧太后（1835-1908）是一位热情的京剧赞助人。她在颐和园里建了两个舞台，在私人宿舍里也建了一个小舞台，还经常召集城里最有天赋的艺术家到皇宫为她表演。
❻Beijing Opera was initially an exclusively male pursuit. The Qianlong Emperor had banned all female performers in Beijing in 1772. The appearance of women on the stage began unofficially during the 1870s. Female performers began to impersonate male roles and declared equality with men. They were given a venue for their talents when Li Maoer, himself a former Beijing Opera performer, founded the first female Beijing Opera troupe in Shanghai. 京剧最初只是男性的追求。乾隆皇帝在1772年禁止了北京所有的女表演者。女性在舞台上的出现始于19世纪70年代的非正式场合，女性演员开始扮演男性角，并宣布与男性平等。前京剧演员李茂儿在上海创办了第一个女京剧团，为她们提供了施展才华的场所。
❼The year 1900 marked a calamitous turning point for Beijing Opera. All of the capi tal’s great theaters were burned down during the Boxer Movement, including two of the original “Four Great Anhui Troupes” that had survived until that year.
1900年是京剧的一个灾难性转折点。在义和团运动中，首都所有的大剧院都被烧毁，其中包括两个保存到当年的“四大安徽剧团”。
❽In the aftermath of the catastrophe, with the old opera troupes dissolved, individual veterans struck out on their own. Artists began to experiment with different styles, muddling traditional Beijing Opera with influences from Western drama. The performances also began to take on contemporary social themes or advocate for social reform.
灾难发生后，随着旧歌剧团解散，个别退伍军人自行出动。艺术家们开始尝试不同的风格，把传统京剧和西方戏剧的影响混为一谈。演出也开始呈现当代社会主题或倡导社会改革。
❾In the first half of the twentieth century, the most famous actor of Beijing Opera was Mei Lanfang. A maestro of the stage, Mei played a key role in popularizing Beijing Opera and introducing Chinese theater to the West. He performed in the United States in 1930 and Europe in 1935, where he made a great impression on the German dramatist Bertolt Brecht, enough to influence Brecht’s concept of
alienation.
二十世纪上半叶，最著名的京剧演员是梅兰芳。梅兰芳是一位舞台大师，在普及京剧和向西方介绍中国戏剧方面发挥了关键作用。1930年在美国演出，1935年在欧洲演出，给德国剧作家布莱希特留下了深刻的印象，足以影响布莱希特的异化观。
❿After the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Beijing Opera performances
that dealt with contemporary and revolutionary themes were encouraged. Despite the tumultuous events in 1960s and 1970s, Beijing Opera was revived in the 1980s, and the lively art form continues to be performed and to get even more prosperous today.
1949年中华人民共和国成立后，鼓励举办以当代和革命为主题的京剧演出。上世纪六七十年代，京剧虽历经风风雨雨，但在八十年代，京剧复兴了，活跃的艺术形式继续上演，并在今天变得更加繁荣。
Unit5
❶Hundreds of students send me e-mail each year asking for advice about education. They want to know what to study, or whether it’s okay to drop out of college since that’s what I did.
每年都有数百名学生给我发，征求教育方面的意见。他们想知道该学什么，或者大学辍学是否可以，因为我就是这么做的。
❷A smaller number of parents send messages, seeking guidance for their son or daughter. “How can we steer our child toward success?” they ask.
为数不多的父母发送信息，为他们的儿子或女儿寻求指导。“我们如何引导孩子走向成功？“他们问。
❸My basic advice is simple and heartfelt: Get the best education you can. Take advantage of high school and college. Learn how to learn.
我的基本建议是简单而真诚的：尽你所能接受最好的教育。利用高中和大学的优势。学习如何学习。
林荫道❹It’s true that I dropped out of college to start Microsoft, but I was at Harvard for three years before dropping out —and I’d love to have the time to go back. As I’ve said before, nobody should drop out of college unless they believe they face the opportunity of a lifetime. And even then they should reconsider.
我大学辍学创办微软是真的，但在退学前我在哈佛呆了三年——我很想有时间回去。正如我之前说过的，没有人应该辍学，除非他们相信自己面临一生的机会。即便如此，他们也应该重新考虑。
❺Kathy Cridland, a sixth-grade teacher in Ohio, wrote to say, “Several of my students claim that you never finished high school. Since you are a success, my students perceive
that as a reason not to care much about getting a good education.”
俄亥俄州六年级教师凯西·克里德兰（Kathy Cridland）写信说：“我的几个学生声称你从未读完高中。既然你成功了，我的学生就认为这是不太关心接受良好教育的一个理由。”
❻I finished high school!
我高中毕业了！
❼The computer industry has lots of people who didn’t finish college, but I’m not aware of any success stories that began with somebody dropping out of high school. I actually don’t know any high school dropouts, let alone any successful ones.
计算机行业有很多人没有读完大学，但我不知道有人从高中辍学开始有什么成功的故事。我其实不知道有高中辍学的学生，更别说有成功的了。
中长波辐射器
❽In my c ompany’s early years we had a bright part-time programmer who threatened to drop out of high school to work full-time. We told him no.
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