唐朝女子用的铜镜能照清楚人吗意识形态读书笔记摘抄
锎252雷蒙·威廉斯区分出马克思主义文本中“意识形态”的三种含义:(1)特定阶级和体所特有的信仰系统(a system of beliefs characteristic of a particular class or group);(2)幻想性的信仰系统——错误观念或者错误意识,这种信仰系统是与真理性的科学认识相对的(a system of illusory beliefs-false ideas or false consciousness-which can be contrasted with true or scientific knowledge);(3)意义与观念生产的一般过程(the general process of the production of meanings and ideas.)【pp.55.】在威廉斯看来,[除了辩论的需要,根本没有必要确立唯一“正确”的马克思主义意识形态定义。更必要的是把这个词及其变体放回它们得以形成的问题当中去;尤其首要的是,放回历史演变当中去。](In this situation there can be no question of establishing, except in polemics, a single rrect arxist definition of ideology. It is more to the point to return the term and its variations to the issues within which it and these were formed;" and. specifically, firs( to the historical development. pp.55-56.)【意识形态的历史】(1)德拉西创造,表示“观念科学”(science of ideas,指出其与洛克和经验主义传统的关联)。[观念不能够也不可能被理解为任何“形而上学”或“唯心主义”意义上的观念。观念科学一定是自然科学,因为所有观念都起源于人类对世界的经验。] 杜伊斯堡
中国农业发展集团总公司>电动比例调节阀(Thus ideas were not to be and could not be understood in any of the older taphysicalr ❲ealistenses. The science of ideas must be a natural science, since all ideas originate in manexperience of the world. pp.56.)蒂斯特那里,观念学是动物学的组成部分,科学经验主义;德·伯纳尔反对。威廉斯指出,实际上,(意识形态)是为反对形而上学而提出的主张,认为“观念无非是人的观念”。
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