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The People’s Republic of China is the most popu-lous country in the world with an area of
956l 000km 2containing approximately 1.2 billion people. More than 100 million people live in cities with a population over one million, the largest of which are shown in Table 1.
It has been suggested that one area alone, the Pearl River Delta region (comprising Hong Kong,Shenzhen, Zhuhai, and Macau), could soon
become the world’s largest ‘mega-city’ with a over 40 million people.1Chongqing recently became the fourth city directly under central government control (the others being Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin). With the expansion of its boundaries,Chongqing municipality is now responsible for some 30 million people.
The urban population in China is expected to
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Ian Vickridge is senior civil engineering lectur-er with the department of civil and structural Lu Youjie is associate professor with the pro-ject management group of the depart-ment of civil engineer-ing at Tsinghua University in Beijing
Civil engineering in China
I. Vickridge, BSc(Eng), MSc , CEng , MICE , MCIWEM , and Y. Lu
At the present time there is more construction being carried out in China than in any other single country in the world. With a population in excess of one billion and a rapidly expanding economy, China represents a huge,but difficult, potential market for civil engineering consultants and contrac-tors. One of the major constraints to active involvement in China is a gen-eral lack of awareness of the country and the opportunities there. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the extent of current and planned construction projects in China and to describe the structure and development of the Chinese construction industry.
City Population:(millions)
Beijing 10·9Chongqing 10·0Chengdu 9·0Shanghai 13·5Tianjin
8·8Greater Chongqing 30·0 Pearl River Delta
>40·0
Table 1. China’s largest cities
Fig. 1. Annual GDP growth in China
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1012
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黑箱法82
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本页已使用福昕阅读器进行编辑。福昕软件（Ｃ）２００５－２００７，版权所有，仅供试用。 reach 360 million by the year 2000 and, with this massive growth, an immense investment in all aspects of infrastructure is obviously required.This is particularly true when the current and planned rates of economic growth are also consid-ered. Although growth rates slowed from 13% in the early
1990s to around 9% in 1995 (Fig.1), this is still high compared with the 2–4% of most
developed economies and even the 7% enjoyed by the ‘little dragons’ of Hong Kong and Singapore until the recent economic slump in the region. Some economists have estimated that, on pre-sent trends, the Chinese economy is due to over-take that of the USA by 2003. In order to sustain this growth, the Chinese government clearly rec-ognizes that priority must be given to the develop-ment of infrastructure otherwise this may well act as a bottleneck to further development.
The construction industry is extensively linked to almost every aspect of the national economy as both a major purchaser of materials and equip-ment, and as a supplier of the constructed prod-uct. The industry’s importance, crucial to
maintaining economic growth by providing the buildings and infrastructure necessary to support social and economic activities, is reflected by the fact that it has been growing at an average annual rate of nearly 10% since 1979.2The growth of out-put between 1978 and 1994, in terms of Renminbi (RMB—the Chinese currency), is illustrated in Fig. 2, and this has been forecast to grow at an annual rate of 12% over the next five years with a total output value of £400 billion.3
Potential for construction in China
China’s high economic growth has created a rapidly increasing need for power, communica-
tions, environmental improvement and other infrastructure projects. This need, coupled with the huge population of China, clearly indicates a massive potential for trade and could represent the world’s largest future market for goods and services—including those related to construction and infrastructure development.
There is currently an annual investment of around £100 billion in capital construction in China, and the intention is to double investment in urban infrastructure over the next five years.4During this period Shanghai alone plans to invest £20 billion in infrastructure, the investment com-ing from a mixture of government funding, inter-national and national bank loans (see Fig. 3) and direct foreign investment.5
By the year 2000 the Chinese government
CIVIL ENGINEERING IN CHINA
Fig. 2. Output growth of China’s construc-tion industry
Fig. 3. China
Construction Bank—a common sight in Chinese towns and cities
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plans to spend over £80 billion on 400 key trans-port projects, including ports, airports, roads and railways. One of the largest recent rail projects is the 2370 km Beijing to Kowloon railway. One ter-minus of this line, the Beijing railway station
(Figs 4 and 5), was completed and put into opera-tion on 1 September 1996. In addition to this a 1300 km high-speed rail link between Beijing and Shanghai will be built.
Although much of the world’s attention has been focused on the new Hong Kong airport, the neighbouring £4 billion Guangzhou airport has also recently been completed. The airports at
both Beijing (approximately £300 million) and
VICKRIDGE AND LU
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Fig. 4. Beijing railway station and terminus of new Beijing to Kowloon line—tradi-tional architecture with a concrete shell roof
Fig. 5. Shell roof
viewed from inside cor-ridors leading to main platforms of Beijing
railway station
Shanghai (£530 million) are being expanded and there are plans to build some 40 new airports over the next 10–15 years to meet the 25% annual growth in air traffic.
The World Bank and the Asian Development Bank have been funding a number of water and environmental projects including
•Tianjin urban development and environment
(£70 million)
•rural water supply and sanitation (£75 million)•Beijing environment (£90 million)
•Changchun urban development and environ-ment (£80 million)
•Shanghai urban development and environ-ment (£100 million) (Figs 6 and 7)
•Chongqing environmental improvement (£100
权益乘数million). However, these projects only meet a portion of the needs. As China’s industry and economy develop, the ability to provide power takes on paramount importance. Although China is now the second largest producer of electricity, the 12 000 MW that are added to China’s generating capacity each year fall short of overall requirements and the Ministry of Power Industry’s own plans of an annual increase of up to 17 000 MW.
Coal-fired, nuclear and hydro-electric power sta-tions are planned and being built, but the largest of these is the massive Three Gorges Project (Figs 8–12) incorporating a dam 175 m high and 2345 m long to form a reservoir with a capacity of nearly 40 billion m 3. The associated 18 000 MW
hydropower station will be capable of producing
CIVIL ENGINEERING IN CHINA
Sector Development plans and needs
Housing
1·65 billion m
2
of urban dwelling over the next 10 years
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6·5 billion m 2
of rural dwelling over the next 10 years
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2·9 billion m 2of urban dwelling to be upgraded over next 10 years
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2010全国高中数学联赛
Roads 180 000 km of new roads between 1995 and 2000Rail
17 000 km of new railway between 1995 and 2000
Urban transport
Eleven Chinese cities currently planning new metro systems
Beijing is expecting to extend its underground rail network in the near future
Airports
战时机制40 airports will be expanded or upgraded over the next 10 to 15 years to meet
the 25% average annual growth in air traffic
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Water, sanitation and An annual increase of 4 Mm 3
a day in water supplies is required pollution control
500 cities in China are currently experiencing water shortages Only 15% of China’s wastewater is treated
£6 billion over the next 6 years is needed in order to combat worsening pollution,particularly in the large cities.
Power
Although China generated over 1 billion MWh in 1995, making it the world’s second
largest producer, 80 million people still do not have access to electricity 4
17 000 MW of generating capacity to be added each year
50% increase in generating capacity was planned over the 5 years from 1993 to 1998
Table 2. Major infrastructure development plans and needs
Fig. 6. (below). Steel pipe on Shanghai envi-ronment project funded by the World Bank.This particul
ar 3·6 m dia. 1·746 km section was installed in less than 8 months by pipe-jacking between two shafts and is one of the longest pipe jacks in the world
Fig. 7. (bottom). Box culverts, each 3·75 x 3·25 m, for supplying Shanghai with drink-ing water from upstream section of Huangpu river
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84 billion kWh of electricity a year. Construction started in December 1994 and will take 17 years to complete. The total project cost could be in excess of £20 billion.6,7
Table 2 gives an indication of some of the major infrastructure problems and plans for development.
Project funding
Funding for China’s impressive programme of
construction is coming from a variety of sources •internal government
•international development banks •direct foreign investment.
China is one of the major recipients of project loans from the World Bank and the Asian
Development Bank, but these alone are not suffi-
Fig. 9. Three Gorges site looking across the Yangzi river from the north bank—coffer dam is right of the crane
Fig. 8. Model of the Three Gorges pro-ject—ship lift is right of dam and ship lock
is far right
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