Translation of Passive Voice Sentences I. Teaching contents 1．Review and comments on the assignments 2. Translation of passive voice sentences 4. Summary 5. Assignments 6. References for further reading II. Aims of teaching To make students know about the techniques of translation and especially to grasp translation of passive voice sentences 苏州科技文化艺术中心III. Teaching Focus Students’ ability in dealing with the techniques especially in several situations in which passive voice sentences occur. IV. Teaching procedures Step One: Review and comments on the assignments A. 英语从正面表达，译文从反面表达 1． 动词 2． 副词 3． 形容词 4． 前置词 5. 连词 6. 名词 7. 短语 8. 句子 B. 英语从正面表达，译文从反面表达 1．动词 2．副词 3．形容词 4. 名词 5.短语 6.句子 Step Two: Translation of passive voice sentences 在英语中被动语态用得比较广泛，译成汉语时常用以下几种方法处理： A、译成汉语的 “被”字结构或相似结构, 如 “叫, 让, 给, 受到, 遭到, 为…所…, 是…的,加以…等。 1. Though Hamlet has been disappointed of the throne, every one respects him. 科索沃危机2. They were caught in the rain yesterday. 他们昨天叫雨淋了。 3. Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world. 我们的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持。 4. They were given a hearty welcome. 他们受到热烈欢迎。 5. He was policed by the bosses’ cops. 他受到老板雇佣的警察的监督。 6. I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card. 我为这些话所深深感动， 后来我就把它们写在圣诞贺片上。 7. By evening the occupation was complete, and the people were chased off the streets by an eight o’clock curfew. 8. The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. 大火使这著名的旅馆几乎全部毁灭。 9. Most letters from his wife are read to him by the nurse in the hospital. 他的妻子给他的信件， 大多数是由医院里的护士念给他听的。 B、译成汉语主动句 英、汉两种语言在语法上有很大差异，汉语很少使用被动句， 因此在翻译时常常将英语的被动句译成汉语的主动句，主语常常省略。例如： 探秘古墓 1. The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated. 他在青少年时期留下的自卑感， 还没有完全消除。 2. On their domestic stations events in the Middle east were dismissed briefly. 在他们国内的电台的广播中， 中东事件只轻描淡写地报道了一下。三、C.保留原主语, 被动改主动 英、汉两种语言在语法上有很大差异，汉语很少使用被动句， 因此在翻译时常常将英语的被动句译成汉语的主动句，主语可以保留。例如： 1．Mr. Black was given a prize. 布拉克先生得了奖。 2. His life was cut short by cholera. 他因患而早亡。 3. He was thrown into confusion by the return of his wife. 他由于妻子归来而陷入惶惑不安之中。 D. 把原文中的主语译为宾语 在翻译英语的被动句时， 我们还可以把原文中的主语译为译语中的宾语。例如： 1. By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives. 大战终了时， 这个组织拯救了八百人，但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价。 2. It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt. 如果（人们）不强烈地感到损失， 那倒是奇怪了。 E. 译成无主句 在翻译英语的被动句时， 我们还可以把英语的被动句译成汉语的无主句。例如： 1. Whenever work is being done, energy is being converted from one form into another. 做功时，能从一种形式转变为另一种形式。 2．Cutting tools should be inspected carefully before they are used. 切割工具使用前要认真检查。 3．Some pictures were hung on the wall. 墙上挂着照片。 4. Children should be taught to speak the truth. 要教孩子们讲真话。 Step Three: Exercises in class Put the following sentence patterns into Chinese. A. Fixed phrases or sentence patterns: 1. It has been proved …已经证明… 2. It may be safely said that…可以有把握地说… 3. It cannot be denied that…无可否认… 4. It is expected(hoped) that…人们希望… 5. It is considered (thought) that…人们(有人、大家)认为… 6. It is understood that…不用说(谁都知道)… 7. It is well known that …大家知道(众所周知)… 8. It is reported that…据报道… 9. It is said that….据说… 10. It is estimated (predicted, calculated ) that…据估计(预计)… 11. It is supposed that… 据推测… 12. It is learned that…据闻(悉)… 13. It may be confirmed that…可以肯定… 14. It is generally(usually) accepted (agreed) that…普遍(一般、 通常)认为… 15. It must be pointed out that…必须指出… 16. It is believed that …有人(人们、大家)相信… 17. It will be seen from this that …由此可见… 18. It must (should) be admitted that…必须(应该)承认… 19. It is rumored that…据谣传… 20. It may be said without fear of exaggeration that…可以毫不夸张地说… B. Put the following sentences into Chinese. 1. The plan will be examined by a special committee. 该计划将由一个特别委员会加以裁决。 2. National Day is enthusiastically celebrated on October 1st by the Chines people of all nationalities every year. 我国各族人民每年都要热烈庆祝十月一日的国庆节。 3. He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 他出现在台上， 观众给予热烈鼓掌。 4. All Party members of the college are requested to meet in the assembly hall to listen to a speech. 请全院党员于星期五下午两点三十分在大礼堂听报告。 5. It is said that he was cheated by his partner while doing business in the south. 据说他在南方做生意时让同伴给骗了。 6. It is believed that worry can make a person’s hair turn gray overnight. 有人相信忧愁能使一个人的头发一夜之间变白。 7. It has been proved that plenty of vegetables will improve one’s health. 已经证明多吃蔬菜对健康有好处。 8. This old man has been taken care of for years by some PLA men. 这位老人多年来一直受到几位解放军的照顾。 9. The city is being destroyed by the flood. 这座城市正在被洪水所毁。 10. This material has to be used in the experiment. 这种材料在实验中非用不可。 11. Thousands of cars are produced by FIAT every year. 菲亚特汽车公司每年生产成千上万辆小汽车。 12. He was asked ten questions in the oral examination and answered every one of them correctly. 口试时， 问了十个问题，他全都答对了。 13. It is considered that women tell lies more often than men. 有人认为女人将谎话要比男人多。 14. It should be admitted that the United Nation’s intervention is sometimes helpful for settling regional disputes. 应该承认联合国的干预有时有助于平息地区性争端。 15．Special emphasis must be placed on the gravity of corruption and graft (受贿) among some high officials in China. 必须特别强调我国某些高级政府官员贪污腐败的严重性。铀矿冶 Step Four Assignments A. Translate the following underlined part of the text into English. 他迈着沉重的脚步，回到离别三年的家乡。三年前，他参与了一个盗窃团伙被判刑三年，在劳改农场，因表现突出被提前一年释放。 为了逃避一双双熟悉的眼睛，释放后，经人介绍，他来到湖南省南县一家木器厂做临时工。但强烈的思乡情促使他踏上了归乡旅途。回到家乡后，家乡的一切都令他感到亲切可爱。他暗暗下决心：一定要重新做人。 一天，邻居王二婶把钥匙锁在了家里，很多热心人都前来帮忙，但都无济于事。人们到他，但被拒绝了。王二婶哀求地说：“冬宝，求求你了，要是我当家的回来，我又少不了一顿揍。”他知道，她丈夫很粗野，经常打他，他心软了，来工具费了好半天帮王二婶打开了锁。王二婶感激万分，特意买来一盒过滤香烟，非要塞给他。在场的人惊愕地看着他，一个劲地夸他有本领。 第二天，他发现有好几户邻居的门上上了双把锁。几天后，他又离开了家乡，还是到那家木器厂做临时工。 Key: With heavy steps, he returned to his homeworn which he had been away from for 3 years. Three years ago, he was arrested and sentenced to 3 years’ reform through labour for he had joined a gang of thieves. When he worked on the reform farm, he behaved himself so well that he got release one year before his term. In order to avoid those familiar eyes, he didn’t return to his homewon after his felease but found an odd job through introduction in a furniture plant in Nanxian County of Hunan Province. However, the strong feeling of homesickness drove him on his way home. Wnen he was back home, he found everything was so dear and lovely, he said to himself: I must turn a new leaf. One day, Aunty Wang, a neighbour of his, locked her key in the house and could not get in, many warm-hearted neighbours came around for help but they could do nothing about it.People thought of him and asked him for help but were refused. Aunty Wang begged him:”Dongpao! Do help me please, or when my man is back, he will surely beat me!” He knew her husband was rude and often beat her, he pitied her and gave in. He found some tools and it took him quite some time to unlock the door. Aunty Wang was so grateful that she brought a pack of filter cigarettes and forrced it into his hand. The people around watched him amazedly and all praised him for his skillful hand. The next day, he found there was one more lock on several neighbours’ doors. A few days later, he left his hometown and went back to the furniture plant again. B. Translate the following underlined part of the text into Chinese. In Washington, Republican representative Linda Smith chuckles at a newspaper headline, which reads: “Funds for former Speaker would be killed under a proposal pending before Congress.” The proposal is hers. She recounts how one day a constituent tried to telephone her district office, but instead was put through to the office of former House of Representatives Speaker Tom Foley, and learned that three federally funded staffers still worked for him there. The constituent reported this to his representative and soon Smith was speaking out in the debating chamber in favor of eliminating the $1 million pool of federal money available for former Speaker. She explains how with similar directness she plans to end the big-money corruption that exists in Washington, D.C. “I’ve done this before, in my State,” says the fast-talking former tax consultant. “And I know how hard it is. People who have been in politics for years, including staff and groups, fight tooth and nail to keep the status quo. The reality is a lot of the special interest groups aren’t going to like it.” They’re not the only ones. The Smith proposal on campaign-finance reform represents the popular idealism of a newcomer to the House of Representative. Smith is a Republican, but her populist views-on trade and foreign policy as well as campaign-finance reform─are likely to make the House leadership, and any defender of traditional Republican principles very uncomfortable. Campaign-finance debate features two opposing visions: an essentially laissez-faire willingness to let people make their own decisions, versus a belief in the role of government as legislator on matters public concern. Key: 这项提案是由她提出来的。 她说明其中来由如下：有一天，一位选民试图往她的选区办公室打电话，但电话给接到了前任众议院议长汤姆·福里的办公室里，于是他得知有联邦政府提供奖金的三位职员仍然在那儿为这位前议长服务。这位选民向代表他的议员（史密斯）报告了此事。不久史密斯在议院讨论中坦率地发表意见，主张撤消联邦政府支付给前议长们的一百万美圆资金。她以同样坦率的态度解释说，她打算结束华盛顿存在的贪污巨额金钱的腐化现象。 史密斯是一名共和党党员，但她对商贸和外交政策以及竞选筹资改革方面的平民主义观点很可能使国会领导以及任何想维护传统共和党原则的人都感到非常不安。 有关竞选资金问题的争论存在两种对立的看法：愿意基本上采取自由放任的态度，让人们自由在这方面做出决定； 与之相对的是认为有关公众关心的事务，政府应起到立法者的作用。 Step Five: Reference Books 1. 陈秋劲编著. 英汉互译理论与实践（第一版）. 湖北：武汉大学出版社，2005. 2. 范仲英编著. 实用翻译教程（第一版）. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2005. 3. 郝丽萍等编著. 实用英汉翻译理论与实践（第一版）. 北京：机械工业出版社，2006. 4. 叶子南著. 高级英汉翻译理论与实践（第一版）. 北京：清华大学出版社，2001. 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