二甲双胍在结直肠癌中的研究进展

结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC )是世界范围内第三大常见恶性肿瘤,严重威胁着人类的健康。根据世界卫生组织GLOBOCAN 数据库统计,2018年CRC 有180万新发病例和88.1万死亡病例[1]。目前CRC 的主要方式有
手术、化疗、放疗、靶向及免疫等,但总体效果仍不容乐观。因此,亟待一种新的手段为CRC 提高效果。
CRC 的发病机制极其复杂,有多种因素影响CRC 的发生发展,包括吸烟、饮酒、遗传因素、肥胖及糖尿病等。2型糖尿病是罹患CRC 的独立危险因素[2]。二甲双胍作为2型糖尿病的一线用药,因其低成本、易耐受及安全性强等优点,越来越被关注。它除了可以降血糖外,还可以降低恶性肿瘤的发病风险以及延缓肿瘤进展等[3]。研究显示,二
甲双胍可以抑制CRC 细胞的增殖、迁移及侵袭,促进其凋
亡,并在CRC 上有一定的作用[4]。本文就此展开综述。1
二甲双胍与结直肠癌流行病学研究
临床研究发现,2型糖尿病患者应用二甲双胍12个月后与未口服二甲双胍的糖尿病患者相比,CRC 发病风险降低了12%[5]。此外,CRC 的发病风险可随着二甲双胍使用剂量的累积而逐渐降低[6]。一项关于2型糖液态镁
尿病与CRC 关系
的荟萃分析提示,服用二甲双胍的糖尿病患者与未服二甲双
胍的糖尿病患者相比,结直肠腺瘤的发病率降低了25%[7]。二甲双胍除了可以降低CRC 发病风险外,还可显著改
善CRC 患者的预后。Deng 等[8]研究发现,口服二甲双胍的CRC 患者的总体生存率(HR =0.73,95%CI :0.63~0.84)与癌症特异性生存率(HR =0.60,95%CI :0.50~0.73)均显著提高。另有研究显示,相较于其他降糖药联合化疗组,二甲双胍联合化疗后的CRC 患者总体生存期延长了14个月[9,10]。Ng 等[11]认为二甲双胍还可降低CRC 的复发率
(HR =0.65,95%CI :0.56~0.76),延缓肿瘤进展。但Wang
·综述·
第一作者:乔璐,硕士研究生,E-mail:******************
*
通信作者:贾漪涛,主任医师,E-mail:******************
二甲双胍在结直肠癌中的研究进展
乔璐1,2袁贾漪涛2*糖果屋历险记2
1.华北理工大学研究生院,河北唐山063210
2.河北省人民医院肿瘤三科,河北石家庄050051
【摘要】
结直肠癌是常见的胃肠道肿瘤之一,与2型糖尿病等代谢疾病关系密切。二甲双胍作
为2型糖尿病防治指南中推荐的一线用药,除了可以降低血糖外,还具有一定的抗肿瘤作用。近年来,二甲双胍在结直肠癌中的研究受到越来越多的关注。二甲双胍不仅可以通过多种机制抑制结直肠癌细胞的增殖、迁移及侵袭,还可以促进其凋亡。此外,它还可以增加结直肠癌对放疗的敏感性,克服化疗及靶向的耐药性等。本文就此领域的研究进展展开综述。
【关键词】
二甲双胍;
结直肠癌;
Research progress of metformin in the treatment of colorectal cancer Qiao Lu 1,2,Jia Yitao 2*
1.North China University of Science and Technology,Tangshan 063210,Hebei,China
2.Third Department of Oncology,Hebei General Hospital,Shijiazhuang 050051,Hebei,China
【Abstract 】
Colorectal cancer is one of the common gastrointestinal tumors,which is closely related to
metabolic diseases such as type 2diabetes.Metformin is recommended as a first-line drug in the guidelines for the prevention and treatment of type 2diabetes,which not only can reduce blood sugar,but also has an certain anti-tumor effect.In recent years,more and more attention has been paid to the study of metformin in colorectal cancer.It has been found that metformin can not only inhibit the proliferation,migration and inva ⁃sion of colorectal cancer cells through a variety of mechanisms,but also promote their apoptosis.In addition,metformin can increase the sensitivity of co
lorectal cancer to radiotherapy and overcome the resistance to chemotherapy and targeted therapy.This article reviews the progress of this field.
【Key words 】
Metformin;
Colorectal cancer;
Treatment
等[12]研究发现,与未使用二甲双胍相比,2型糖尿病合并CRC患者使用二甲双胍后,癌症特异性死亡率无显著降低。进一步研究二甲双胍在CRC中的作用,可以为CRC的提供更多的理论依据和新思路。
2二甲双胍对结直肠癌细胞增殖、凋亡、迁移及侵袭的影响2.1二甲双胍抑制CRC细胞增殖二甲双胍抑制CRC 细胞增殖在许多研究中得到证实。Kim等[13]发现二甲双胍可以通过降低细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)、真核细胞启动因子4E结合蛋白1 (promoter4E-binding protein1,4E-BP1)和核糖体蛋白S6 (phospho-S6ribosomal protein,p-S6)的磷酸化水平来抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路,进而抑制结肠癌HCT15细胞的增殖。此外,二甲双胍可激活AMP依赖的
蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK),减少叉头框转录因子M1(forkhead box M1,FOXM1)的表达,从而阻止结肠癌HCT116细胞增殖[14]。体外实验中发现,用不同浓度的二甲双胍处理HCT116细胞48h后,二甲双胍能够以浓度依赖的方式抑制抗凋亡蛋白B细胞淋巴瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)的表达,同时激活P53/caspase-3信号通路使细胞停滞于G2/M期,最终抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖[15]。贺军等[16]还发现二甲双胍可通过抑制NF-κB通路的活化、下调基质金属蛋白酶9(matrix metalloproteinase9,MMP-9)等蛋白的表达,进而减少HCT116细胞的增殖。最新研究发现,二甲双胍可以下调直肠癌Caco2细胞中的RAS/ERK 信号通路,从而抑制肿瘤细胞增殖[17]。
2.2二甲双胍促进CRC细胞凋亡研究发现,二甲双胍不仅可以激活线粒体相关凋亡蛋白,还可降低RASSF1A 基因的甲基化水平,进而促进结肠癌细胞的凋亡,此作用在抗凋亡基因14-3-3zeta过表达的结肠癌HCT15和SW480细胞系中更为明显[18,19]。Sena等[20]研究证实,二甲双胍通过抑制核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor E2-related factor2,Nrf-2)和NF-κB的转录水平诱导结肠癌HT29细胞凋亡,进而影响肿瘤细胞的存活。另有研究显示,二甲双胍可阻碍mTOR/4EBP/eIF4E与MNK1/eIF4G/ eIF4E信号通路的激活,抑制HT29细胞中细胞周期相关蛋白MYC等的合成,最终诱导癌细胞的凋亡[21]。已知长链非编码RNA尿路上皮癌胚抗原1(long non-coding RNA urothelial carcinoma-associated antigen1,lncRNA UCA1)在多种肿瘤细胞中异常高表达。体内实验发现,二甲双胍可以降低lncRNA UCA1的表达水平,进一步抑制PI3K/AKT 和MAPK/ERK信号通路,最终启动结肠癌SW480和SW620细胞凋亡程序[22]。
2.3二甲双胍对CRC细胞迁移、侵袭的影响上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)通常发生在胚胎发育、组织愈合和肿瘤进展等过程中,且与肿瘤细胞的侵袭、迁移和耐药性有关。Wang等[23]在SW480细胞中加入二甲双胍后,发现E-钙黏蛋白上调和波形蛋白下调,从而逆转EMT。体外实验显示,IL-6可诱导CRC细胞发生EMT,而二甲双胍可以通过降低转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription3,STAT3)的磷酸化
湖南科技学院学报水平来抑制此作用[24]。另有研究提示,二甲双胍可使HCT116细胞的Wnt3a/β-catenin信号通路失活,最终阻滞癌细胞EMT[25]。此外,二甲双胍还可以激活AMPK进而抑制EMT 进程,最终减弱结肠癌LoVo细胞迁移和侵袭的能力[26]。
黏附连接(adherens junctions,AJs)在细胞的黏附中起关键作用,参与肿瘤细胞的侵袭与迁移。二甲双胍可以诱导SW480和HT29细胞中P120-连环蛋白(P120-catenin, P120ctn)、E-钙黏蛋白和β-catenin发生质膜转位并使其磷酸化,抑制FAK/ERK信号传导进而重建AJs,最终减弱肿瘤细胞迁移和侵袭的能力[27]。Palazzolo等[28]发现,二甲双胍可以通过减少血管细胞黏附分子1(vascular cell adhesion molecule-1,VCAM-1)的表达来改变血管壁的生物黏附特性,最终抑制结肠癌细胞的迁移和侵袭。
3二甲双胍在CRC中的作用
3.1二甲双胍在CRC放疗中的作用放疗是CRC综合的重要手段之一,临床上部分患者对放疗敏感
性较差,甚至产生放疗抵抗。因此,提高放疗敏感性对CRC患者的至关重要。Murley等[29]发现,放疗联合二甲双胍能够使HCT116细胞中的生存素基因发生逆向核转位,进而促进肿瘤细胞凋亡以及抑制其活性,最终增加其放疗敏感性。Chen等[30]对CRC荷瘤小鼠全腹部放疗联合不同浓度二甲双胍后发现,与其他组相比,二甲双胍浓度越高荷瘤小鼠的存活率越高,体质量减轻越慢。二甲双胍还可通过抑制线粒体呼吸链复合酶Ⅰ的活性减少结肠癌细胞的耗氧量,并诱导活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的产生,最终提高肿瘤细胞的放疗敏感性[31,32]。另有研究显示,二甲双胍与放疗联合应用一方面可以通过加重CT26细胞的DNA损伤,直接发挥抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的作用,另一方面还可激活Sting信号通路使肿瘤微环境中CD8+T细胞的比例增加,间接发挥抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的作用[33]。体内实验表明,二甲双胍可以负性调节PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路延缓CRC荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长,进而提高放疗效果[34]。
3.2二甲双胍在CRC化疗中的作用二甲双胍在CRC 化疗中发挥着不可忽视的作用。Park等[35]研究发现,二甲双胍可以通过抑制重组人转化生长因子B受体-2(recom⁃binant transforming growth factor beta receptorⅡ,TGFBR2)和STAT3信号通路以及减少抗凋亡蛋白的表达,进而降低直肠癌细胞SW837对5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-FU)的耐药性。此外,二甲双胍与5-FU+奥沙利铂联合应用也可通过增加miRNA21表达、减少miRNA145表达以及抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路使肿瘤干细胞活性降低,最终抑制HT29细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭[36]。5-FU或/和奥沙利铂与二甲双胍联合使用还可以减弱结肠癌细胞DLD-1的自噬作用,促进癌细胞凋亡[37]。Zhang等[38]研究发现,二甲双胍
可通过ROS介导的PI3K/AKT信号通路增强耐药型肿瘤细胞对顺铂的敏感性,降低SW480和SW620细胞的活力并诱导其凋亡。长期注射胰岛素会使CRC荷瘤小鼠对奥沙利铂产生耐药性,而二甲双胍可激活AMPK/ERK信号通路抑制BCL-2蛋白的表达,进而克服荷瘤小鼠对奥沙利铂耐药性[39]。二甲双胍还能够降低c-Fos和激活转录因子3 (activating transcription factor3,ATF3)蛋白的表达,从而减弱奥沙利铂诱导的周围神经损伤[40]。
纳米颗粒具有定点靶向性、生物相容性等优点,在癌症的中具有广泛的应用前景。Saber等[41]发现包含顺铂和二甲双胍的纳米颗粒,可显著抑制AMPK/mTOR和AKT/mTOR信号通路,使细胞内糖酵解或有氧呼吸发生障碍,促进氧化应激反应,最终导致CRC细胞凋亡。3.3二甲双胍在CRC靶向中的作用西妥昔单抗作为单克隆抗体靶向药,仅对60%KRAS(Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene)野生型CRC患者有效果[42]。Ye 等[44]在CRC荷瘤小鼠研究中发现,与单用西妥昔单抗的小鼠相比,二甲双胍联合西妥昔单抗可激活AMPK 信号通路使髓样细胞白血病-1(myeloid cell leukemia-1, Mcl-1)蛋白表达水平降低,从而抑制肿瘤的进展[43]。曲妥珠单抗可用于人表皮生长因子受体-2(human epidermal growth factor receptor-2,HER-2)扩增或过表达的CRC患者。研究显示,二甲双胍及曲妥珠单抗联合应用可诱导HER-2过表达的结肠癌HT29细胞中的小窝蛋白(caveolin)表达,最终促进其凋亡[45]。
4小结与展望
近年来,随着对二甲双胍研究的不断深入,研究者已经在体内及体外实验证实了其在CRC放疗、化疗及靶向中的作用。虽然二甲双胍在流行病学证据上存在争议,但多数临床研究仍肯定了它在CRC中的抗肿瘤特性。目前,对于二甲双胍在CRC中的临床研究多集中于2型糖尿病合并CRC的患者,主要原因可能是研究者对于二甲双胍具体使用剂量及使用时间等认识不足。此外,二甲双胍在CRC免疫中的作用尚未见报道。未来,研制出安全而有效的二甲双胍类似物作为CRC患者中的辅助用药,将更加有助于肿瘤患者效果的提高。
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