| 深圳超导可视无痛人流 The Direct Method Developed in the late 19th century Hermann Paul – formed the main linguistic base of the Direct Method 持续改善W. M. Wundt – founded the psychological foundation for the Direct Method 营养点菜师F. Gouin (1831-1896) – developed the teaching method based on Direct Method M. D. Berlitz (1852-1921) – established Berlitz School us Berlitz Method which was one school of the Direct Method Richards and Rodgers – summarized Berlitz’s Method The Oral Approach 单列向心球轴承Developed in 1920s-1930s Harold Palmer A. S. Hornby The Audiolingual Method Developed during WWII, used for military purposes, Charles Fries – structural linguistics Bloomfield – structural linguistics The cognitive approach十字墓 Increasing attention on cognitive psychology during 1960s-1970s Noam Chomsky p120 The natural approach Proposed in 1977, by Tracy Terrell Stephen Krashen The communicative approach Developed in the 1970s in Europe Wilkins – writer of “notional syllabus” Halliday – social context of language use can be analyzed in terms of 3 factors: the field, tenor and mode of discourse. P179 Hymes – “communicative competence” refers to the ability not only to apply the grammatical rules of a language on order to form grammatically correct sentences but also to know when and where to use these sentences and to whom Widdowson – he focused on the communicative acts underlying the ability to use language for different purposes Canale and Swain – 4 dimensions: grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse and strategic competence,. Richards and Rodgers Total Physical Response – James Asher Silent way – Caleb Cattegno Community Language learning – Charles A. Curren Suggestopaedia – G. Lozanov |
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