Schools of Linguistics: some random thoughts
超时空幻境北京外国语大学 中国外语教育研究中心 刘润清
为何要讲流派问题？
我主张，进入一个研究领域时， 第一要宏观，第二要对思想（ideas) 感兴趣。
宏观：做研究，别一下扎到一个小领域、小题目里去，那样会见木不见林。了解宏观背景，让你不失迷方向。
对思想、哲学理念感兴趣，比只对纯技术性的东西感兴趣，更有意义。技术是手段，提高认识是追求。
1. 区分流派与分支
1.1 流派多指思潮, 有代表人物, 代表著作, 主要观点, 研究方法, 盛行时代,有其影响, 往往有历史视角。（它未必对领域中的诸多问题都有论述。）
Schools refer to trends of thought, with their representative figures, works, unique ideas, methods and influence on later development; a diachronic perspective.
1.2 分支多指领域, 研究范围, 也有经典著作, 有影响的人物, 多用共时观点。可能多个流派都对它有过贡献。
(Branches refer to areas of study, with their classics, and influential figures; often a synchronic perspective.)
1.3 历史视角和共时视角 一起 可以画出一个十字, 像一个坐标.
The diachronic and synchronic perspectives will form a cross, which like a coordinate.
Distinction between Schools and Branches
从内部分:语音学, 音系(位)学, 词汇学, 形态 学, 句法学, 语义学, 语用学(?) Distinction from within: phonetics, phonology, lexicology, morphology, syntax, semantic, pragmatics (?
)
太康县国土局从外部分: 心理语言学, 社会语言学, 计算语言学, 神经语言学, 文化语言学, 人类语言学，语料库语言学等。
Distinction from without: psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, computation linguistics, neurolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, cultural linguistics, corpus linguistics, etc.
大分类: 理论语言学, 应用语言学 Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics.三十二 纪录片
1.3 语言学流派:
传统语法 (600BC—18世纪)traditional grammar; 历史语言学(19世纪100年) historical linguistics;
现代语言学开端(索緖尔, 20世纪初) the beginning of modern linguistics;
欧洲功能主义(20世纪20-50)European functionalism
伦敦学派(1940—50)The London School;
系统功能语法(1960—现在) Halliday’s Systemic-functional grammar
美国结构主义语言学(1930—50) American structuralism
美国转换生成语法(1957—现) Chomsky’s Generative Grammar
认知语言学 （today）Cognitive linguistics
2. 宏观区分流派
A More Macro Distinction
注重分析语言的形式, 结构, 成分和成分的分布, 对语言进行形式描写和描写的形式化, 考虑语言的心理性.
The formal school: emphasize the formal, structural aspects of L, and distribution of elemxm2010
ents; formalize the description of L; a psychological perspective.
2.2 功能派
注重分析语言的功能, 分析不同层次上的成分的语义功能, 认为功能决定形式, 考虑语言的社会性. The functional school: emphasize the functional nature of L; analyze the semantic function of elements on all levels; function determines form; a sociolinguistic perspective.
2.3 两派的区别
1/形式主义者认为语言是心理现象;功能主义者说语言是社会现象.
The formal camp say language is a psychological fact; the functional camp say language is a social fact.
2. 形式主义者说语言普遍现象是人类生理遗传;功能主义者说是来自社会对语言的普遍运用. The formal camp say linguistic universals are men’s biological inheritance; the functional camp say language similarities come from the common use of language.
3.形式主义者 说儿童习得语言是人类的内在能力;功能主义者说这是儿童交际的需要和能力的发展. The formal camp say that children are born with the ability to acquire language; the functional camp say that language learning comes from children’s needs and development.
4.形式主义者把语言当成独立系统研究；功能主义者把语言放在社会功能中研究。
The formalists regard language as an independent system; the formalists study language in the social context by referring to its social function.
2.4 韩礼德: 20世纪下半叶的基本对立阵营不是结构主义与生成语法。最根本的两大阵营是：以组合关系为取向的形式派（形式语法， 源于逻辑和哲学），和以聚合关系为取向的功能派（功能语法， 源于修辞和人种学）。形式派把语言看成一系列的结构， 这些结构之间可以出固定的关系（所以才有转换一说）；他们强调语言的普遍性，把语法（他们称之为句法）看成是语言的基础（所以语法是任意的），因此语法围绕着句子而展开。
Halliday: The basic opposition is not that between ‘structural’ and ‘generative’ grammars .
The more fundamental opposition is between those that are primarily symtagmatic in orientation (by and large the formal grammars, with their roots in logic and philosophy)and those that are primarily paradigmatic (by and large the functional ones, with their roots in rhetoric and ethnography). The former interpret a language a list of structures, among which, regular relationships may be established
(hence the introduction of transformation); they tend to emphasize universal features of language, to take grammar (which they call syntax) as the foundation of language (hence the grammar is arbitrary), and so to be organized around the sentence
功能派把语言看成是一个关系网，其基本关系借助于结构加以实现；他们强调语言之间的不同点，把语义看做语言的基础（所以语法是自然的），因此语法是围绕着文本或语篇而展开的。两个阵营之间有许多交叉，也有互相借鉴， 但从思潮上讲二者是很不同的，两大阵营开展对话也很困难。
The functionalists interpret language as a network of relations, with structures coming in as the realization of these relationships; they tend to emphasize variables among langua
ges, to take semantics as the foundation (hence the grammar is natural), and so to be organized around the text, or discourse.
hp小型机
There are many cross-currents, with insights borrowed from one to the other; but they are ideologically fairly difficult and it is often difficulty to maintain a dialogue.
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