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习题三及答案

	Ⅰ. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and choose the letter A, B, C or D. (20%) 1. _______ is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. The most influential scholar in this aspect is Trubetzkoy who published Principles of Phonology in 1939.女票 A. The London School B. Traditional grammar C. American Structuralism D. The Prague School 2. Saussure believed that language is a system of signs. This sign is the union of a form and an idea, which Saussure called _______. A. langue and parole B. signifier and signified C. speech and writing D. system and function 3. Many modern linguists have criticized traditional grammarians for adopting a _____ approach to language study. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. descriptive 4. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is . A. arbitrary B. rational C. logical D. cultural 5. Palatal semi-vowel refers to the sound . A. [n] B. [h] C. [w] D. [j] 6. A phoneme is a group of phonetically similar sounds called . A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D. allophones 7. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case” and so forth are called morphemes. A. inflectional B. bound C. free D. derivational 8. The English word “modernizers” is composed of morphemes. A. four B. three C. two D. five 9. “Unless I hear from her, I won’t leave this town” is a sentence. A. simple B. coordinate
C. complex D. compound 10. In the phrase structure rule “S NP VP”, the arrow can be read as . A. is equal to B. consists of C. has D. generates 11. In the following pairs of words, are a pair of complementary antonyms. A. old and young B. male and female C. hot and cold D. buy and sell 12. The stimulus-response theory was proposed by . A. Firth B. Halliday C. Bloomfield D. Chomsky 13. found that natural language had its own logic and thus concluded the famous Cooperative Principle. A. John Austin B. John Firth C. Paul Grice D. William Jones 14. As far as the sentence “My bag is heavy” is concerned, linguists of pragmatics are more interested in its ______ meaning. A. literal B. logical C. contextual D. grammatical 15. is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system. A. A speech community B. A race C. A society D. A nation 16. A speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules, conventions, etc., governing the skilled use of language in a society is termed ______. A. competence B. performance 甘肃政法学院学报C. communicative competence D. communicative strategy 17. The phonemes /k/, /a:/ and /p/ are in ______ relations in the words /ka:p/ (carp) and /pa:k/ (park). A. synchronic B. syntagmatic C. diachronic D. paradigmatic 18. The Prague School claims that a sentence may be analyzed from the functional side in terms of ______as well as from the grammatical side. A. theme and rheme B. argument and predicate C. subject and predicate D. performative and constative 19. In the proposition “Professor Green is a linguist”, the predicate linguist is a ______. A. no-place predicate B. one-place predicate C. two-place predicate D. three-place predicate 20. The following conversation exchange clearly violates ______. A: Let’s get the kids something. B: Okey, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M-S. A. maxim of Quantity B. maxim of Quality C. maxim of Relation D. maxim of Manner

Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false. (20%)

1. By arbitrariness Saussure means that the forms of linguistic signs bear some natural relationship to their meaning.( )

2. Human language is, unlike animal communication systems, stimulus free.( )

3. Language marks our identity, physically in terms of age, sex, and voiceprints; geographically in terms of accents, dialects.( )

4. The sentencing of criminals is an example of emotive function of language.( )

5. Synchronic linguistic is the study of a language through the course of its history.( )

6. Pre-school children know virtually all the rules of language except for some subtleties. This means they have the underlying knowledge about the system of rules.( )

7. The sound〔z游白水书付过〕is a voiced alveolar stop.( )

8. The free variants of a phoneme shown in the different pronunciation of the same word, such as “tap” may be caused by habit, or individual preference, rather than by any distribution rule.( )

9. Voicing is a distinctive feature for English consonants.( )

10. A syllable that has no coda is called a closed syllable.( )

11. In English, inflectional affixes are mostly prefixes.( )

12. In the word “illegal”, “il” is an allomorph of the negative morpheme.( )

13. The word “girl” used to mean “young person of either sex”. Today it means “young woman”. This is an example of broadening of meaning.( )

14. The value of a linguistic sign is determined by the signs with which it can combine to form a syntagmatic relation, and the signs with which it can form a paradigmatic relation.( )

15. The phrase “five children” is an endocentric construction. ( )

16. Componential analysis can not help explain the sense relations of words.( )

17. The sentence I pour some liquid into the tube is a performative one.( )

18. The sentence like 边缘化War is war is an example in which the Quality maxim is violated.( )

19. The weak version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis says that language is the shaper of our thinking patterns.( )

20. Malinowsky believed that the context of situation is indispensable for the understanding of the words.( )

Ⅲ. Explain the following linguistic terms or notions in English. (40%)

1. Ostensive communication 2. Surface structure 3. Free variants 4. Exocentric construction 5. 摩信网Duality 6. Dissimilation 7. Immediate constituent analysis 8. Narrow transcription

9. Root 10. Communicative competence

Ⅳ. Give brief answers to the following questions. (12+8=20)

1. What is componential analysis? How is it used in semantics? (12%)

2. Explain how the assimilation rule in English works.(8%)

Answer

Ⅰ. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and choose the letter A, B, C or D. (20%)

1. D 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. D 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. B

11. B 12. C 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. D

Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false. (20%)

1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F 6.T 7. F 8. T 9.T 10. F

11. F 12. T 13. F 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. F 18. F 19. F 20. T

Ⅲ. Explain the following linguistic terms and notions in English. (40%)

1. Ostensive communication—Communication is not simply a matter of encoding and with the hearer. From the speaker’s side, communication should be seen as an act of making clear one’s intention to express sth, this act is ostensive act. In other words, communication is ostensive-inferential.

2. 醋酸Surface structure--The final stage in the syntactic derivation of construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.

3. Free variants--If 2 sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another does not cause a change of meaning, they are in free variation.

4. Exocentric construction--A construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. There is no noticeable center or head in it. The whole construction has a different grammatical function from either of its constituents.

5. Duality--Lge is a system which consists of two sets of structures or levels. At the lower

or the basic (secondary) level, there is a structure of sounds which is meaningless by themselves. At the higher (primary) level, the sounds of lge can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning such as morphemes and words.

6. Dissimilation--It refers to the influence exercised by one sound segment on the production of another, so that the two sounds in a sequence become less alike or different.

7. Immediate constituent analysis－The analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents (word groups or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.

8. Narrow transcription--A more specific set of letter-symbols with diacritics to show more phonetic details, required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sound.

9. Root—The base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of ide

ntity. It is the part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. All words have a root morpheme.

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