Designation:A677–05
Standard Specification for
Nonoriented Electrical Steel Fully Processed Types1
This standard is issued under thefixed designation A677;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1.Scope
1.1This specification covers the detailed requirements to whichflat-rolled nonoriented fully processed electrical steel shall conform.
1.2This steel is produced to specified maximum core-loss values and is intended primarily for commercial power fre-quency(50-and60-Hz)applications in magnetic devices. Desirable core-loss and permeability characteristics are devel-oped during mill processing,so additional heat treatment by the user is usually not necessary.
1.3These nonoriented fully processed electrical steels are low-carbon,silicon-iron,or silicon-aluminum-iron alloys con-taining up to about 3.5%silicon and a small amount of aluminum.
1.4The values stated in customary(cgs-emu and inch-pound)units are to be regarded as standard.The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
2.Referenced Documents
2.1ASTM Standards:2
A34/A34M Practice for Sampling and Procurement Test-ing of Magnetic Materials
A340Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to Magnetic Testing
A343/A343M Test Method for Alternating-Current Mag-netic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-V oltmeter Method and25-cm Epstein Test Frame
A664Practice for Identification of Standard Electrical Steel Grades in ASTM Specifications
A700Practices for Packaging,Marking,and Loading Methods for Steel Products for Domestic Shipment
A717/A717M Test Method for Surface Insulation Resis-tivity of Single-Strip Specimens
A719/A719M Test Method for Lamination Factor of Mag-netic Materials
A720/A720M Test Method for Ductility of Nonoriented Electrical Steel
A937/A937M Test Method for Determining Interlaminar Resistance of Insulating Coatings Using Two Adjacent Test Surfaces
A971Test Method for Measuring Edge Taper and Crown of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steel Coils
A976Classification of Insulating Coatings by Composi-tion,Relative Insulating Ability and Application
E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
E92Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Mate-rials
E140Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness,Vickers Hardness,Rockwell Hardness,Superficial Hardness,Knoop Hardness,and Scleroscope Hardness
3.Terminology
3.1Definitions:The terms and symbols used in this speci-fication are defined in Terminology A340.
4.Classification
4.1The nonoriented electrical steel types described by this specification are as shown in Table1.
5.Ordering Information
5.1Orders for material under this specification shall include as much of the following information as necessary to describe the desired material adequately:
5.1.1ASTM specification number.
5.1.2Core-loss type number.
5.1.3Surface coating type.
5.1.4Thickness,width,and length(if in cut lengths instead of coils).
1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06on
Magnetic Properties and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.02on
Material Specifications.
Current edition approved June15,2005.Published July2005.Originally
approved in1973.Last previous edition approved in1999as A677/A677M–99.
2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or
contact ASTM Customer Service at For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.
5.1.5Total weight of ordered item.
5.1.6Limitations in coil size or lift weights.
5.1.7End Use —The user shall disclose as much pertinent information as possible about the intended application to enable the producer to provide material characteristics most suitable for specific fabricating practices.
5.1.8Special requirements or exceptions to the provisions of this specification.
6.Manufacture
6.1Typical Melting and Casting :
6.1.1These fully processed electrical steels may be made by basic-oxygen,electric-furnace,or other steelmaking practice.6.1.2These electrical steels are characterized by low car-bon,usually less than 0.020%.The principal alloying element is commonly silicon,but aluminum up to about 0.8%is sometimes used instead of or in addition to silicon,depending on mill-processing practice for the desired magnetic grade.Individual producers will often have different silicon or alumi-num contents for a particular grade because of intrinsic mill-processing procedures.
6.1.3Sulfur content is typically less than 0.025%and is usually lowest in the numbered types representing lowest core loss.Manganese is typically present in amounts between 0.10and 0.40%.Phosphorus,copper,nickel,chromium,molybde-num,antimony,and tin are usually present only in residual amounts except in the higher numbered core-loss types in which phosphorus up to 0.15%and tin or antimony up to 0.10%may be present.
6.1.4The producer is not required to report chemical composition of each lot except when a clear need for such information has been shown.In such cases,the analyses to be reported shall be negotiated between the producer and the user.6.2Typical Rolling and Annealing —The processing se-quence for fully processed,nonoriented electrical steel com-prises hot-rolling,annealing,pickling,cold-rolling,and decar-burizing annealing.
6.3When changes in the manufacture of the material are believed to exert possible significant effects upon the user’s fabricating practices and upon the magnetic performance to be
obtained in the specified end use,the producer shall notify the user before shipment is made so the user has an opportunity to evaluate the effects.
7.Magnetic Properties
7.1Specific Core Loss —Each core-loss type of electrical steel is identified by a maximum core-loss limit as shown in Table 1.
7.2Permeability —The permeability at all inductions shall be as high as possible,consistent with the required core-loss limits that govern the grade.Typical relative peak permeability (µp )values are given in Appendix X1.
7.3Specific Exciting Power —The rms exciting power re-quired for the excitation of a particular type of electrical steel is frequently useful to the user.Typical values of specific exciting power are given in Appendix X1.
7.4Magnetic Aging —Although steel sold to this specifica-tion is considered non-aging,the maximum
core-loss values of Table 1are based on tests of freshly sheared specimens.The guarantee of magnetic properties after an aging treatment is subject to negotiation between the user and the producer.The definition of aging coefficient and the aging treatments usually specified are given in Terminology A 340.
8.Surface Insulation Characteristics
8.1Unless otherwise specified,fully processed nonoriented electrical steels are supplied with a smooth surface finish and a thin,tightly adherent surface oxide (Coating Type C-0in Classification A 976)which has sufficient insulating ability for most small cores.
8.2Applied Coatings :
8.2.1Several types of thin,tightly adherent applied coatings (Coating Types C-3,C-4,C-5,and C-6in Classification A 976)with higher levels of insulating ability are available on fully processed nonoriented electrical steels.If an applied coating is needed,the user shall specify the coating type.
8.2.2If the insulating ability of the applied coating is unusually critical to the application,the user shall specify not only the coating type,but also the test method (either Test Method A 717/A 717M or Test Method A 937/A 937M )and
TABLE 1Core-Loss Types A and Maximum Core Losses B at a Magnetic Flux Density of 15kG (1.5T)and 60Hz C
for As-Sheared Epstein Specimens D
0.0140-in.(0.36-mm)Thickness 0.0185-in.(0.47-mm)Thickness
0.0250-in.(0.64-mm)Thickness
Core-Loss Type
Maximum Core Loss,
W/lb (W/kg)Core-Loss Type
Maximum Core Loss,
W/lb (W/kg)Core-Loss Type
Maximum Core Loss,
W/lb (W/kg)36F145 1.45(3.20)..................36F155 1.55(3.42)47F165 1.65(3.64)64F200 2.00(4.41)36F165 1.65(3.64)47F180 1.80(3.97)64F210 2.10(4.63)36F175 1.75(3.86)47F190 1.90(4.19)64F225 2.25(4.96)36F185 1.85(4.08)47F200 2.00(4.41)64F235 2.35(5.18)36F195 1.95(4.30)47F210 2.10(4.63)64F250 2.50(5.51)36F205 2.05(4.52)47F240 2.40(5.29)64F275 2.75(6.06).........47F280 2.80(6.17)64F320 3.20(7.05).........47F400 4.00(8.82)64F500 5.00(11.02)...
...
...
47F450
4.50
(9.92)
64F550
5.50
(12.13)
A See Practice A 664.
B
The test density shall be the correct ASTM assumed density (in accordance with 14.2)for the chemistry used by the producer to meet the property requirements of the specification.C
Maximum core losses at a magnetic flux density of 15kG (1.5T)and 50Hz are 0.79times maximum core losses at 60Hz.D
One half of strips cut parallel to the steel rolling direction,one half of strips cut perpendicular to the steel rolling水样女人 direction.
test conditions to be used to evaluate the insulating ability of the coating,as well as the corresponding minimum value of insulating ability.
8.2.3A thinner-than-usual applied coating may be preferred when the core-fabricating practice involves welding or die casting.In such cases,the coating type shall be suffixed by the letter “A.”
9.Mechanical Requirements
9.1Lamination Factor —The lamination factor shall be as high as practicable.It is greatest for thicker gages and when the surface is smooth,uncoated,and without significant amounts of oxide.Lamination factors can be determined using Test Method A 719/A 719M .Typical values of lamination factor are given in Appendix X1.
9.2Ductility —The material shall be as ductile as possible.When required,the ductility can be determined by the bend test for ductility as described in Test Method A 720/A 720M .Ductility is a function of microstructure and may differ between producers.The user’s anneal may also affect ductil
ity.Typical values for ductility are given in Appendix X1.
9.3Hardness —The hardness of these materials can be determined using Test Methods E 18or Test Method E 92.Hardness is affected by chemistry and by the grain size and microstructure of the final product.Typical values for the hardness of “as-produced”materials are given in Appendix X1.10.Dimensions and Permissible Variations
10.1Thickness —Specified thickness should be one of the common thicknesses as follows:
Thickness,in.(mm)0.0140(0.36)0.0185(0.47)0.0250(0.64)
10.2Thickness Variations —The average thickness of the material supplied shall be as close as possible to the ordered thickness.Measurements made with a contacting micrometer at points no closer than 3⁄8in.(10mm)from the edge of a sheet or coil of specified width shall not differ from the specified thickness by more than the values (which include taper)shown in Table 2.
10.3Taper —The rolling of flat-rolled sheets inherently produces an edge which is thinner than the rest of the sheet.This characteristic is termed “tapered edge,”“feather,”or gamma and occurs primarily within 1to 2in.(25to 51mm)from the as-rolled edge of the material.The thickness variation in
volved in edge taper sometimes is the major portion of the total overall thickness variation permitted by 10.2.Edge taper is defined and may be measured in accordance with Test Method A 971.It may be expected that the following limits on the differences in thickness measured along a straight line
perpendicular to the mill edge within the first 3in.(76mm)or less from either edge of the ordered width will apply:
Ordered Thickness,in.(mm)
Maximum Taper,in.(mm)
0.0140(0.36)0.0010(0.025)0.0185(0.47)0.0012(0.030)0.0250(0.64)
0.0014(0.036)
10.4Width Tolerances —Maximum deviations from the or-dered width shall be as shown in Table 3.
分类号10.5Length Tolerances —The maximum deviations from the ordered length shall be as shown in Table 4.
10.6Camber —Camber is the greatest deviation of a side edge from a straight line,the measurement being taken on the concave side with a straightedge.It is limited to 1⁄4in.(6.4mm)per 96in.(2.4m)of length.
10.7Out of Square —This tolerance applies to cut lengths only and represents the deviation of an edge from a straight line placed at a right angle to the side,touching one corner and extending to the other side.It shall not exceed 1⁄16in.(1.6mm)per 6in.(152mm)of width or fraction thereof.
11.Workmanship,Finish and Appearance
松香甘油酯
11.1Flatness —Adequately defining the degree of flatness necessary for the general application of fully processed elec-trical steel sheets is extremely difficult;therefore,no specific limits for flatness have been established.
11.1.1It is intended that flatness shall be suitable for the intended application,and consequently,the user should inform the producer of any requirements for a degree of flatness more critical than that obtained from usual commercial practices.Processes used to improve flatness may affect magnetic and mechanical properties.
11.1.2Commercial practices recognize that sharp,short waves and buckles are objectionable.
11.1.3Procedures for judging the degree of critical flatness necessary shall be subject to negotiation between user and producer.
11.2Surface Imperfections —The surface shall be reason-ably clean and essentially free of manufacturing defects such as holes,blisters,slivers,indentations,and so forth,which would interfere with its effective use in the intended application.12.Sampling
12.1The producer shall assign a number to each test lot for identification.The test lot shall not exceed 20000lbs (9100kg)in weight.
12.2Test samples shall be obtained after final mill heat treatment or other operation which is the final operation to have significant influence on the magnetic properties of fully pro-cessed electrical steel.
12.3The full width coil identified as a test lot shall be sampled in accordance with Practice A 34/A 34M .
TABLE 2Thickness Tolerances
Specified Thickness,in.(mm)
Thickness Tolerances,Over or Under,in.(mm)for Specified Width,in.(mm)
6(0.15)and Under
Over 6(0.15)to 12(0.30),incl.Over 12(0.30)to 36(0.91),incl.Over 36(0.91)to
48(1.22).incl.
0.014(0.36)to 0.020(0.51),incl 0.0015(0.038)0.002(0.051)0.002(0.051)0.003(0.076)0.021(0.53)to 0.031(0.79),incl
0.002(0.051)0.002(0.051)0.003(0.076)0.003
(0.076)
13.Specimen Preparation
13.1The Epstein test specimen shall be in the as-sheared condition with one-half of the test strips sheared parallel to and one-half transverse to the rolling direction in accordance with Practice A 34/A 34M .
13.2Care should be practiced to exclude any bent,twisted,dented,highly burred,or improperly sheared strips from the test specimen.
14.Test Methods
14.1The required tests for core loss to determine the core-loss grade,and other magnetic tests when made,shall be in accordance with the procedure of Test Method A 343/A 343M .
14.2The assumed density of these materials for test pur-poses varies in accordance with the amounts of silicon and aluminum present in the steel as shown in Practice A 34/A 34M .The factor,percent silicon plus 1.73percent alumi-num,as determined for the median or aim silicon and alumi-num of the melt,shall determine the assumed density to be used as follows:
(%Si +1.73%Al)
Assumed Test Density,g/cm 3(kg/m 3)
0.00–0.657.85(7850)0.66–1.407.80(7800)1.41–2.157.75(7750)2.16–2.957.70(7700)2.96–3.707.65(7650)3.71–4.507.60(7600)4.51–5.25
7.55
(7550)
15.Certification
15.1The producer shall submit to the user,as promptly as possible after shipment,a certified report of the average core-loss values or any other required test values,for each test lot,to show that the material conforms to this specification.15.2The test methods and applicable test conditions,in-cluding the test density,shall be clearly stated.
15.3The test report shall carry the lot identification,pur-chase order number,and other information that is deemed necessary to identify the test results with the proper shipment and shipping lot.
16.Marking
16.1Each package of coils or lift of cut lengths shall have firmly attached to it,outside its wrappings,a tag showing the user’s order number,specification number,grade designation,coating or surface-type designation,thickness,width (and length if in sheet form),weight,and test lot number.
16.2Each wide coil shall have the specification number,grade designation,coating or surface-type designation,thick-ness,width,weight,and test lot number marked on the outer surface of the coil itself.
16.3In a lift of narrow coils,each narrow coil in the package shall be tagged with the specification nu
mber,grade designation,coating or surface-type designation,thickness,width,and test lot number.
17.Packaging
17.1Methods of packaging,loading,and shipping,unless otherwise specified,shall correspond to the latest revision of the procedures recommended by Practices A 700.
18.Rejection
18.1Unless otherwise specified,any rejection shall be reported to the producer within a reasonable time after receipt of material by the user.
18.2Material that is reported to be defective subsequent to the acceptance at the user’s works shall be set aside,adequately protected,and correctly identified.The producer shall be notified as soon as possible so that an investigation may be initiated.
18.3Samples that are representative of the rejected material shall be made available to the producer so a mutually agreeable settlement can be reached.
19.Keywords
19.1core loss;electrical steel;flat-rolled;fully processed;nonoriented
TABLE 3Width Tolerances
Ordered Width,in.(m)Width Tolerances,in.(mm)Over Under To 6(0.15),incl
0.008(0.20)0.008(0.20)Over 6(0.15)to 10(0.25),incl 0.016(0.41)0.016(0.41)Over 10(0.25)to 15(0.38),incl 0.032(0.81)0.032(0.81)
Over 15(0.38)to 20(0.51),incl 0.125(3.18)0(0)Over 20(0.51)to 32(0.81),incl 0.188(4.76)0(0)Over 32(0.81)to 48(1.22),incl
0.25(6.35)
0(0)
TABLE 4Length Tolerances
Specified Length,in.(mm)Length Tolerances,in.(mm)Over Under To 30(0.76),incl
0.125(3.2)0(0)Over 30(0.76)to 60(1.52),incl 0.25(6.4)0(0)Over 60(1.52)to 96(2.44),incl 0.5(12.7)0(0)
Over 96(2.44)to 120(3.05),incl 0.75(19.1)0(0)Over 120(3.05)to 144(3.66),incl
1.0(25.4)
(0)
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)X1.TYPICAL PROPERTIES
X1.1Peak Permeability —Typical values for relative peak permeability (µp )at a magnetic flux density of 15kG (1.5T)determined in accordance with Test Method A 343/A 343M are given in Table X1.1.
X1.2Specific Exciting Power —Typical values for specific exciting power for these materials at a mag
侧脑室netic flux density of 15kG (1.5T)and 60Hz determined in accordance with Test Method A 343/A 343M are provided in Table X1.2.
X1.3Lamination Factor —The lamination factors for these materials as determined using Test Method A 719/A 719M at a
test pressure of 50psi (340kPa)typically range from 95to 98%,depending on gage,coating,and surface roughness.X1.4Ductility —Typical values for the ductility of these materials as determined using Test Method A 720/A 720M are presented in Table X1.3.
X1.5Hardness —Typical values for hardness of these materials determined using Test Methods E 18are presented in Table X1.3.The values given in Table X1.3are based on Rockwell superficial hardness test results and converted into other hardness test scales per Hardness Conversion Tables E 140—Table 2.
TABLE X1.1Typical Relative Peak Permeability at a Magnetic Flux Density of 15kG (1.5T)and 60Hz
for As-Sheared Epstein Specimens A
0.014-in.(0.36-mm)Thickness 0.0185-in.(0.47-mm)Thickness 0.025-in.(0.64-mm)Thickness Core-Los
s Type Typical Relative Peak Permeability
Core-Loss Type Typical Relative Peak Permeability
Core-Loss Type Typical Relative Peak Permeability河北人事厅 36F145700–
......
36F155750–115047F165800–120064F200800–125036F165800–120047F180800–125064F210800–130036F1751000–160047F190800–165064F225800–170036F1851000–165047F200800–170064F235800–175036F1951000–170047F210800–175064F250800–180036F2051000–2000
47F240900–205064F275900–47F280900–215064F320950–47F4001500–225064F5001500–
...
47F450
1500–2400
64F550
1500–2500
A
One half of strips cut parallel to the steel rolling direction,one half of strips cut perpendicular to the steel rolling
direction.
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一件运动衫TABLE X1.2Typical Specific Exciting Power at a Magnetic Flux Density of 15kG (1.5T)and 60Hz for As-Sheared Epstein Specimens A
0.0140-in.(0.36-mm)Thickness
0.0185-in.(0.47-mm)Thickness
0.0250-in.(0.64-mm)Thickness
Core-Loss Type Typical Specific Exciting Power,
Va/lb (VA/kg)Core-Loss Type Typical Specific Exciting Power,
VA/lb (VA/kg)
Core-Loss Type Typical Specific Exciting Power,
VA/lb (VA/kg)
36F14511.0-13.0(24.3-28.7).....
.
......36F15510.5-12.5(23.1-27.6)47F16510.0-12.0(22.0-26.5)64F2009.5-12.0(20.9-26.5)36F16510.0-12.0(22.0-26.5)47F1809.5-12.0(20.9-26.5)64F2109.0-12.0(19.8-26.5)36F1758.0-10.0(17.6-22.0)47F1907.5-12.0(16.5-26.5)64F2257.5-12.0(16.5-26.5)36F1857.5-10.0(16.5-22.0)47F2007.0-12.0(15.4-26.5)64F2357.0-12.0(15.4-26.5)36F1957.5-10.0(16.5-22.0)47F2107.0-12.0(15.4-26.5)64F2507.0-12.0(15.4-26.5)36F205 6.5-10.0
(14.3-22.0)47F240 6.0-11.0(13.2-24.3)64F275 6.0-11.0(13.2-24.3)......47F280 5.5-11.0(12.1-24.3)64F320 5.5-10.5(12.1-23.1)......47F400 5.5-7.0(12.1-15.4)64F500 5.5-7.0(12.1-15.4)...
...
47F450
5.0-7.0
(11.0-15.4)
64F550
5.0-7.0
(11.0-15.4)
A
One half of strips cut parallel to the steel rolling direction,one half of strips cut perpendicular to the steel rolling direction.
TABLE X1.3Typical Ductility and Hardness A
Nominal Alloy Content (Si +Al),%
Typical Number of Bends (Test Method A 720/A 720M )
Typical Rockwell Superficial Hardness Typical Vickers Hardness HV
0.014in.(0.36mm)
0.0185in.(0.47mm)
0.025in.(0.64mm)
HR 15T 0.014in.(0.36mm)HR 30T 0.0185in.(0.47mm)HR 45T 0.025in.(0.64mm)3.501910885–8967–7549–61139–66–7447–59135–64–7244–56127–40–52119–37–49114–1391.05
...
25
25
...
...
32–43
106–125
A
Ductility and hardness are also affected by the grain size and microstructure of the final product.The hardnesses presented are for “as-produced”material,not for material that has been stress relief
annealed.
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