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国际经济学克曼教材答案
Problems and Answers to Chapter 2
Q1: Canada and Australia are (mainly) English-speaking countries with populations that are not too different in size (Canada’s is 60 percent larger). But Canadian trade is twice as large, relative to GDP, as Australia’s. Why should this be the case
文体用品与科技
加拿大和澳大利亚都是英语国家，两国的人口规模也相当（加拿大多60%），但是相对各自的GDP而言，加拿大的贸易额是澳大利亚的两倍，为什么如此？A1:According to Gravity Model, GDP is not the only factor to explain the volume of
trade between two countries, because distance is also an important factor. Considering
the distance, the transportation cost of Australia is relatively higher than that of 教育财会研究
Canada, so the attractiveness of trade is reduced. However, Canada is close to the
USA which is a large economy while Australia is not close to any large economy,
making Canada more open while Australia is more autarky.
GDP 不是解释两国贸易量的唯一重要因素，距离也是至关重要的因素之一。
考虑到距离，澳大利亚的进出口运输成本相对更高，因此减少了贸易吸引力。
因为加拿大与美国相邻，而澳大利亚不与任何一个大经济体相邻，这使得加拿 大更加开放，而澳大利亚更加自给自足。
Q2:Mexico and Brazil have very different trading patterns. Mexico trades mainly
with the United States, Brazil trades about equally with the United States and with the
销售与市场European Union; Mexico does much more trade relative to its GDP. Explain these
differences using the gravity model.
墨西哥和巴西各自的贸易模式不同。墨西哥主要与美国贸易，巴西与美国和 欧盟的贸易量大致相当。墨西哥的贸易量相对其GDP而言很大。用引力模型
解释这种现象。
A2:Mexico is close to the United States, but is very far from the European Union, so
整体形象设计Mexico’s value of trade with the United States is large. Brazil is far from both the
United States and European Union, thus, Brazil’s volume of trade with the United
蒙古天韵States and with the European Union is generally equivalent. Mexico’s volume of trade
is larger than Brazil’s, for two reasons: one is that Mexico is adjacent to the United
States which is a large economy; the other is that Mexico is one of the members of
NAFTA. Brazil is far from any large economy, and the size of the economy for the
countries which have signed free trade agreements with Brazil is relatively small.
墨西哥与美国毗邻，但是距离欧盟很远，因此它与美国的贸易量很大。巴西
离美国和欧盟都很远，因此巴西与美国和欧盟的贸易量大致相当。墨西哥贸易
量比巴西大，其原因一方面由于墨西哥离大经济体美国近，另一方面由于它是
北美贸易协定的成员国之一。巴西远离任何一个大经济体，与它签订自由贸易
协定的国家经济规模都比较小。
Q3:Equation (2.1) says that trade between any two countries is proportional to the
product of their GDPs. Does this mean that the GDP of every country in the world
were to increase by 50%, world trade would increase by 125% Analyze the question
using the simple example shown in Table 2-2.
氢致开裂方程(2.1) 表明两个国家之间的贸易和它们的GDP乘积成正比。这是否意味着如果
每个国家的GDP增加50%, 世界的贸易量就增加125%分析这个问题用表格2-2
的简单例子。
A3:Yes. If both countries’GDP increase by 50%, other things equal, multiplying the
right hand side of equation (2.1) by (1+50%)*(1+50%)=225% and multiplying the left
hand side of equation (2.1) by 1+125%=225%, therefore, the volume of trade will increase 125%. Using Table 2-2, if four countries’GDP all increase 50%, the volume of trade will increase 125% correspondingly, so the first line of the table will become: —1.6*225%=3.6 0.4*225% =0.9 0.4*225% =0.9 Country A’s GDP increases to 4*(1+50%) =6 > (3.6+0.9+0.9= 5.4). According to the assumption, the results are reasonable because the results mean that part of country A’s income is consumed on imports and part of country A’s income is
consumed on domestic products, although the portion consumed domestically is smaller than that of imports.
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