浅谈英语的主谓一致

浅谈英语的主谓一致
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提要:主谓一致性有三种具体原则:语言形式上一致原则、语言内容上一致原则、就近原则,此外还有在其他情况的主谓一致关系。
关键词:形式一致原则  内容一致原则  就近原则
一致是指句子成分之间或词语之间在人称、数、性等方面的一致关系。英语语法中的一致性有主谓一致、时态一致、语态一致、语气一致等。这些一致性在实际使用中有些复杂,致使许多中国学生在英文写作时常出现各种“不一致的错误”影响其意思,为了引起学生的重视,从而更好地掌握这部分内容。本文着重讲述主语、谓语在数方面的一致关系。主、谓一致性有三种具体原则:即语言形式上一致原则,语言内容上一致原则,就近原则。
(一)语言形式上一致原则
语言形式上一致原则也叫语法一致原则,即是主语为单数形式,谓语动词采取单数形式,主语为复数形式,谓语动词采取复数形式。现分以下情况对其进行归纳及例析。
1、当主语从句、词组、动词不定式、动名词充当主语时,把它当作单数看待,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:
(1)What you need is more practice.
(2)To see is to believe.
(3)Walking is good exercise.
2、如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有as well as, with, together with, but, except, no less than, like, including 等引起的短语,谓语动词仍然用单数形式。例如:
(1)Air as well as water is matter.
(2)Nobody but Xiao Li was present at our meeting.
(3)She like you and Li Ming is clear.
cctv3同一首歌3、当数词加表示时间、距离、金钱、度量衡等意义的名词或词组一起作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:
(1)Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 给了三个星期来做必要的准备。
吉林建筑工程学院设计院(2)One hundred li was covered in a single night.一夜间就走了一百里路。
(3)Ten dollars is all I have left.
4、当一个国家、组织名称、报纸名词,书名(The United Nations, War and Peace, China Diary)等充当主语时,
谓语动词用单数形式。例如:
(1)China Daily is good newspaper.
(2)China is a developing country.
The United Nations is made up of several countries.
5、大多数不定代词(除了some, most, many外)充当主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。
这些不定代词有either, neither, each, one, another, everyone, anybody, somebody, nobody, no one 等。例如:
(1)Either is correct.
(2)Each takes a cup of coffee.
(3)Everyone looks after himself.
(4)Nobody wants to go there, does he?
6、当all 作主语时,如果all 指人,谓语动词用复数形式,如果不指人,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:
(1)All that can be done has been done. (all 指所做的事,所以后面用单数 has)
(2)Are all here? (all 在此指人,所以谓语动词用复数are)
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7、当many/some/most of 后面跟名词或代词充当主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:
(1)Some of the teachers in our college are professors.
(2)Most of us are league members.
8、当 half of ,part of ,heaps of (头数),loads of (大量的),seeds of (许多),这些短语后面跟名词或代词充当主语时,谓语动词的数要与其后面的名词或代词的数一致。例如:
(1)Half of this story is interesting.
(2)Part of his books were stolen yesterday.
(3)Part of it was flooded.
9、当a lot of, lots of, plenty of 及分数,百分比,这些表示“若干”的短语,如果后面跟可数名词,谓语动词用复数,如果of 后面是不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式,“lots of +不可数名词”作主语,谓语动词之所以用单数形式,是因为把lots of 看成是修饰语,而不是中心词,中心词是of 后面的名词。例如:
(1)Lots of money was gone.
(2)Plenty of his books were bought yesterday.
(3)Two thirds of the area is under water.
(4)Two thirds of the apples were bad.
10、A number of, numbers of, scores of ,这些短语后面只能跟可数复数名词,所以谓语动词必须用复数形式。例如:
(1)A number of students in our class are good students.
(2)Scores of desks in our class were broken.
11、当 amounts of , quantities of 跟不可数名词充当主语时,其谓语动词的数取决于amounts, quantities 的数,所以谓语要用复数形式。例如:
Quantities (Amounts)of food were on the table.
12、T网络出版he number of 后面跟复数名词充当主语,谓语动词用单数形式,那是因为the number 是中心词,而of 短语在语义上是对它的限制,所以后面的谓语动词,必用单数形式。例如:
The number of students absent is 6.
13、在“one of +复数名词 +who(that, which)”引导的关系分句结构中关系代词who(that, which)的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one, 因此,分句中的动词应该是复数形式。例如:
(1)This is one of the most interesting questions that have been asked.
(2)It is one of those dishes which have to be cooked outdoors.
但是,当one 之前有 the only 修饰时,关系代词的先行词是one, 而不是靠近它的复数名词,从而分句中的动词应采取单数形式。例如:
Xiao Mei was the only one of the youngest girls who plays in the band.
14、More than one (不止一个)后面跟的是单数名词,因此谓语要用单数形式,但是“more + 复数名词 +than one 结构”作主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式,例如:
(!)More than one person has agreed to this suggestion.
(2)More persons than one have been involved.
除此之外,如果more than one 后面没有名词,与这种结构搭配的谓语动词,既可是单数也可是复数,这取决于more 和one 两个词中哪一个重读,如果one 重读,谓语动词用单数形式;如果是more 重读,谓语动词用复数形式,例如:

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