英语词性的分类、用法及练习

一、英语词性的分类、用法及练习
词性的分类
词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。
1 名词noun n. student 学生
2 代词pronoun pron. you 你
3 形容词adjective adj. happy 高兴的
4 副词adverb adv. quickly 迅速地
5 动词verb v. cut 砍、割
6 数词numeral num. three 三
7 介词preposition prep. at 在... 8 连词conjunction conj. and 和
9 冠词article art. a 一个10 感叹词interjection interj. oh 哦
前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词。
1.名词(表示人或物名称的词)
名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词.
专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing, China, the United States,等。
普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。(普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词)
普通名词又可分为下面四类:
1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如: gun
2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如: group
注:(以上两类属于可数名词)
3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如: air
4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如: work
注:(以上两类属于不可数名词)
2.代词(代替名词的词)
代词可以分为下列九类:
1)人称代词:They are my school mates.
2)物主代词:Our friends have great concern for each other.
3)反身代词:Take good care of yourselves.
4)相互代词:We should help each other.
5)指示代词:Who are these people?
6)疑问代词:What are you doing?
7)关系代词:She married Tony Harper, who is a student too.
8)连接代词:Do you know who did it?
9)不定代词:Do you know anything about it?
宗庙祭礼代词是非常活跃的词,特别是不定代词,比较复杂,我们要熟练掌握。
3.形容词(修饰名词等,说明事物或人的性质或特征的词)
形容词可分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot ,good ,wonderful等.
2) 叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid, alone等.
4.副词(主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子)
说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
1) 时间副词: soon, then, today, tomorrow, afterwards , now, etc.
2) 地点副词: here, there, over, away, along, outside, in the west, etc.
3) 程度副词: very, quite, rather, a little, a bit, much, etc.
4) 方式副词: beautifully, reluctantly, well, happily, hard, etc.
5) 频度副词: often, frequently, always, usually, rarely, etc.
5.动词(动词就是表示动作或者是状态的词)例如:run;work;sleep,等
动词的分类
根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类,有些动词是兼类词。如:
We have lunch at 12. 我们12点吃午饭。(have是实义动词)
We have been to New York. 我们去过纽约。(have是助动词)
I am hungry. 我饿了。(am是连系动词)
She was beaten on the way home. (was是助动词)
You need n’t have waited for me. 你本来不必等我。(need是情态动词)
The door need s painting. 这个门需要油漆了。(needs及物动词)
实义动词的分类:
1)及物动词与不及物动词
根据后面是否带宾语,实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词,及物动词(vt. ) 后面要跟宾语,不及物动词(vi. ) 不跟宾语。如:
They study hard. (study后没有宾语,是不及物动词)
I know them well. (know后有宾语them,是及物动词)
注:有的动词既可作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词.
如:She sings very well. (sing是不及物动词)
She sang an English song just now. (sing是及物动词)
2)延续性动词和非延续性动词
根据动作是否延续,实义动词又分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。如:
rain, live, work, learn是延续性动词,go, come, leave, start, 是非延续性动词。
一切的一切注:非延续性动词在肯定句中通常不与表示时间段连用的for短语连用。
如:[译]他离开这里三天了。
[误]He has left here for three days.
[正]He has been away from here for three days.
[正]He left here three days ago.
6.数词(表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。)
一、基数词
基数词写法和读法
二、序数词
序数词的缩写形式:
国籍法first—1st second—2nd thirty-first—31st
三、数词的用法
1)倍数表示法
2)分数表示法
7.介词(介词是什么? 指介乎于词与词、词与句之间,是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。)
按结构英语介词可分为3类:
1)简单介词(约有70个),如:in, at, on, by, with, for, beside, along, across等。
2)分词介词(约15个)如:during, following, considering, judging, talking等
3)成语介词(约有500个)如: out of, apart from, because of, by means of等。
按意义英语介词可分为3类:
1)时间介词,如:at, on, in, during, over, from, for, until等。
2)地点介词, 如:at, on, in, across, to, over, between, inside, 3)其它介词,如:by, with, about, except, instead of, due to,
英语介词不可单独使用,后面必须跟名词,动名词或句子构成介宾结构等.
8.连词(是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。)
连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。
1)并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, as well as, both…and, not o
nly…but also, either…or, neither…nor, (and) then等等。
判断改错:They sat down and talk about something. They started to dance and sang. I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
2)从属连词经常引导一个从句, 如: when ,where, because, if , as, 等。俄罗斯素描技法
现代农业的特征
如:I can’t remember the thing that / which he told me. I can’t remember what he told me.
9、冠词英语中只有三个词:a\an (不定冠词) the (定冠词),简单来说,不定冠词表示泛指,定冠词表示特指,冠词与名词关系紧密,一般是放在名词之前。冠词也不能单独做主语宾语等等什么啦,只能和其他词类(主要是名词、偶尔是数词、形容词)结合作句子成分。
10、感叹词主要是来表示喜怒哀乐等感情,比如:oh、ah、well 等,这一词类在十大词类中并不重要,了解即可。
热身练习
一)根据对词类的概念的理解,指出下面单词的词类:
1 deep
2 finger
3 fly
4 papers
5 pass
6 refuse
7 size
8 spoon
9 delicious 10 thick 11 town 12 map 13 myself 14 and 15 on 16 sheep 17 ship 18 mine 19 important 20 an 21 catch 22 first 23 laugh 24 third 25 leave 26 here 27 fly 28 home 29 round 30 sing 31 blind 32 but 33 eighth 34 about 35 bad 36 yours 37 child 38 against 39 ah 40 with 41 cinema 42 Tuesday 43 cheap 44 advice 45 two 46 they 47 able 48 for 49 say 50 quickly 51 if
二)根据常见的后缀辨别下列单词的词性。
1 scientist
2 singer
3 conversation
4 beautiful
5 loudly
6 famous
7 government
8 dangerous
9 instruction 10 careful 11 lively 12 safeties 13 national 14 traditional 15 illnesses 16 wonderful 17 competitions 18 information 19 successful 20 natural 21 illnesses 22 lovely 23 really 24 friendly 25 usually 26 yearly 27 advertisement 28. agricultural
三)判断下列句子中划线单词的词性。
1. Mary dances well.
2. Think well before you act.
3. Well, I didn't think to see you here!
4. I'm not well, my head aches.
5. Water wells from a spring beneath the rock.
6. An oil well blew out in the North Sea.
7. He struck a match and lit his cigarette.
税务登记管理办法8. The wallpaper and paint match pretty well.
9. His latest film doesn't match his previous ones.
10. Our side beat the other in the match.

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