胡充华A Smart City Initiative:the Case of Barcelona
甘精胰岛素
Tuba Bak ıc ı&Esteve Almirall &Jonathan Wareham
Received:9January 2012/Accepted:12January 2012#Springer Science+Business Media,LLC 2012
Abstract Information and communication technology is changing the way in which cities organise policymaking and urban growth.Smart Cities base their strategy on the use of information and communication technologies in several fields such as economy,environment,mobility and governance to transform the city infrastructure and services.This paper draws on the city of Barcelona and intends to analyse its transformation from a traditional agglomeration to a twenty-first century metropolis.The case of Barcelona is of special interest due to its apparent desire,reflected by its current policies regarding urban planning,to be considered as a leading metropolis in Europe.Hence,an assessment of the Smart City initiative will cast light on the current status of Barcelona ’s urban policy and its urban policy of Barcelona and its future directions.This article analyses Barcelona ’s transformation in the areas of Smart City management;drivers,bottlenecks,conditions and assets.First,it presents the existing literature on Barcelona ’s Smart City initiative.Then,the case study analysis is presented with the Barcelona Smart City model.After describing this model,we further explore the main components of
印第安人的墙the Smart City strategy of Barcelona in terms of Smart districts,living labs,initiatives,e-Services,infrastructures and Open Data.This paper also reveals certain benefits and challenges related to this initiative and its future directions.The results of the case study analysis indicate that Barcelona has been effectively implementing the Smart City strategy with an aim to be a Smart City model for the world.
DOI
热女
10.1007/s13132-012-0084-9
压电陶瓷驱动器Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13132-012-0084-9)contains supplementary material,which is available to authorized users.
T.Bak ıc ı(*):E.Almirall :J.Wareham
Information Systems Department,ESADE Business School,Av.Pedralbes,60-62,Barcelona 08034,Spain
e-mail:tuba.bakici@esade.edu
E.Almirall
e-mail:esteve.almirall@esade.edu
J.Wareham
e-mail:jonathan.wareham@esade.edu
Keywords Smart cities.Innovation.Local governments.Urban lab.A case study. Barcelona
Introduction
Recently,there has been a growing interest in the Smart City concept by policy-makers across Europe following USA.Information and communication technologies (ICT),as the new economic force for urban growth,change the way cities compete. Across the world,municipalities challenge to compete to be the best models of sustainable urban development.
In2010,50%of the world’s population lived in urban areas and this figure is forecast to rise to75%by2
050[29].Due to this escalating population,governments are required to figure out how to create future spaces for the citizens.This is why they base their economic development policies on building advanced infrastructures to keep up with competition.Not only are policymakers involved in this initiative but also citizens are engaged in the project,as their future quality of life is at stake.
Today,international competitiveness is driven by the innovativeness of cities.To achieve that,cities are undergoing fundamental transformations.With rapid industri-alization,small towns turn into metropolises with major installations of ICT infra-structures and can reposition themselves on the global stage.These cities also provide new locations for businesses and clusters.
Barcelona is considered as a success story in urban development across Europe. Despite the downturn in2008,Barcelona managed to maintain its position among top European cities.As the second largest city of Spain,Barcelona has been growing and transforming itself to be a knowledge-intensive city.As well as being a tourist spot and a main port,it is also a foremost example of industry clusters.In2009,Barcelona was positioned fourth in the ranking of Europe’s best cities for locating business[7]. Possessing an extensive industrial foundation and an entrepreneurial structure facil-itated Barcelona to reach a position of being a knowledge-intensive economy.As a city,Barcelona utilises knowledge as an engine for economic growth to support production and the generation of tal
ent.Today,Barcelona has more than400research centres for the creation,dissemination and use of knowledge.However,more impor-tantly,Barcelona is a pioneer in being a Smart City,with various initiatives in the industrial area22@Barcelona district.
To transform itself into a Smart City,Barcelona has undertaken significant reforms.Further,the Barcelona case has a special significance due to its apparent tendency in its urban policies and reforms to become a leading Smart City among European cities.Hence,an assessment of the Smart City initiative will cast light on current urban policies of Barcelona and future directions.This is why it is an excellent case to explore.
Briefly,a Smart City should be able to actively generate smart ideas in an open environment through fostering clusters or Open Data or developing proper living labs while directly involving citizens in the co-creation process of products or services. This is what the Barcelona Smart City initiative aims to accomplish.In this paper,we attempt to shed light on issues like Smart City initiative management,drivers,
challenges and conditions that define the transformation of a city with an in-depth case analysis.
This paper investigates how Barcelona has been implementing technological systems to transform it
self into a Smart City and compete in the global knowledge-based economy.This paper aims to explore and demonstrate the transformation of a city into a Smart City while addressing the following research questions:(1)How does city hall manage transformation?(2)What are the underlying drivers and bottlenecks for the transformation?(3)What are the main obstacles faced by the city hall?(4)What are the necessary conditions to be established for the transformation?
(5)What are the assets/infrastructures required to become be a Smart City?
Here,the intention of conducting this research is to illustrate a Smart City in a real context while examining its transformation.To achieve this objective,the case study method is employed.The case study method involves a variety of interviews and analyses of sites while acquiring insights from interviews and observations[28,31].
A variety of data were collected through structured in-depth interviews with five leading members of the Barcelona City Council,such as Joan Batlle,the head of International Cooperation in eGovernment and Innovation in Barcelona City Council, Julia Lopez Ventura,also working for International Cooperation in eGovernment and Innovation in Barcelona City Council,Anna Majo,the director of Strategic Sectors and Innovation department and two members of Barcelona Activa—Mari
a Vila and Isabel Ponti,non-participant observations in the22@Barcelona district,as well as presentations and informal talks.Further,we used secondary data such as interna-tional comparisons of urban policies,clusters,economic indicators and demograph-ics.Below,the Barcelona case will be illustrated in relation to their management of Smart City initiative,main drivers and challenges,and also,in terms of infrastructures.
In order to attain the stated objectives,the present article will have the following structure.First,we will present the existing research on Smart Cities.It will proceed with a description of the case study analysis.Here,the main components of the Smart City strategy of Barcelona will be explored.Then,the benefits and challenges of the Smart City initiative and its future directions will be described.The paper will conclude with the insights generated from the case analysis.
Literature Review上海
电力学院易班
In recent years,Smart Cities have attracted significant interest by governments in their research and development projects around the world.Although there is no apparent description about what Smart Cities are,they can be briefly explained as those cities that utilise information and communication technologies with the aim to increase the life quality of their inhabitants while providing sustainable d
evelopment. Through implementing information and communication technologies into municipal services,cities turn into being more intelligent in their management of resources. Those new types of cities with new technological applications create new business opportunities and a hub for research.Thus,they attract companies,entrepreneurs and research institutes.
In the literature,the‘Smart City’concept is referred to as the safe,secure, environmental and efficient urban centre of the future with advanced infrastructures such as sensors,electronic devices and networks to stimulate sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life[6,17].Currently,most of the cities across Europe and USA have already initiated or are about to initiate the Smart City approach due to its effect on amplified urban growth[8,27].
Smart City is described as a concept in various ways but a general definition involves implementation and deployment of information and communication tech-nology infrastructures to support social and urban growth through improving the economy,citizens’involvement and governmental efficiency[18].Other research suggests that initiatives should be implemented in the fields of mobility economy, environment,living,people and governance to achieve a complete Smart City initiative[14].A few researchers point out that there can be few negative aspects in the Smart City approaches[16,18].Despite this growing body of literature on Smart Cities,the literature lacks a d
etailed analysis of the management of Smart City initiatives as well as descriptions of the underlying drivers and challenges faced.
Barcelona City Hall has been well known across Europe for its ambitious programmes of urban planning and regeneration.What distinguishes Barcelona is its unique approach to urban governance.This is why the urban policy of Barcelona has been analysed from various dimensions—housing[13,24],urban policy[11,15,20–23,26],environment[9,30],employment[12]and knowledge economy[19].
Whilst some of the dimensions of change have been fully described,Smart City initiatives have been analysed rather less and partially.Regarding urban regeneration, Leon[20]examined Barcelona while only focusing on22@Barcelona district and the internationalisation of Barcelona business.Similarly,Barber and Eastaway[3]exam-ined challenges of policymakers in the creation of22@Barcelona district together with Eastside(Birmingham).This research of Barber and Eastaway[3]provides documents,presentations and reports about the Smart City project in Barcelona that have been published by the city hall itself.Mazzoleni[25]focused on the recon-struction experiments of Barcelona in the final decades of the twentieth century but just briefly mentioned the22@Barcelona district and defined it as a different form of reconstruction.Most of the above mater
ials focus on the urban regeneration of Barcelona but an overall assessment of Smart City initiative of Barcelona is required. Nevertheless,these documents provide an initial description of Barcelona as a Smart City to initiate this research paper.
Smart City Initiative of Barcelona:an Integrated Urban Development Model The urban transformation of Barcelona dates back to1980s.It changed from being in a deep economic crisis and having a serious infrastructure deficit,to becoming a leading metropolis[22].Barcelona has distinctive characteristics that impact its urbanisation plan.It has been highly urban,densely constructed,with very close collaboration between politicians and companies[10].Marshall[22]concluded that earlier urban planning of the city had been relatively weak;for instance,the period of the1992Olympics was mainly about internal infrastructure for urban planning.Thus,
the Smart City initiative was necessary because there were obvious deficiencies in the previous strategic planning regarding housing,environmental issues,water,transpor-tation and energy.To achieve a change in these areas while implementing the use of ICT,city hall recognised that a common action from all the elements of city was required.This is why the city authorities together with the other organisations and institutions organised the Smart City strategic plan in1990s with the aim of placing Barcelona in a leading position for being a Smart City across Europe.
The conceptualization of the Smart City by Barcelona is quite extensive.For Barcelona,Smart City implies a high-tech intensive and an advanced city that connects people,information and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable,greener city,competitive and innovative commerce and a recuperating life quality with a straightforward administration and a good mainte-nance system.More importantly,Smart City Barcelona is a collaborative movement among its corporations(retail),academic institutions,government authorities and the residents of Barcelona,aimed at becoming a reference programme for economic engines and urban development.Together,they are developing smart projects to foster the competitive profile of city.
The general objective of the Smart City model in Barcelona is to use ICT in order to transform the business processes of public administration both internally and externally to be more accessible,efficient,effective and transparent.For instance, through providing Smart Services,Barcelona aims to boost cooperation between the council,civil stratum and the professional arena.
There are various drivers for the Smart City model in Barcelona,but among all, fostering competitiveness of the city is the leading one.Smart City was initiated to promote innovation,create new channels of communication,facilitate access to information both locally and internationally and i
mprove the efficiency of public services.
The Smart City initiative is just one part of an advanced conceptual model of Barcelona(Fig.1).Smart City is the physical environment that provides the infra-structure and town planning based on historical patrimony.A knowledge economy is built with an industrial network and clusters in this physical area.This creates a relationship space,social network between companies,institutions and city hall and citizens.This interaction of the citizens with this area and companies eventually creates a knowledge society.
The main assets of Barcelona Smart City model are summarised in Fig.2based on the interviews with leading members of the Barcelona City Council.These initiatives are grouped under four main topics:Smart Governance,Smart Economy,Smart Living and Smart People.Other than tools such as kiosks and maps,Smart Gover-nance involves a major initiative such as Open Data.However,all mainly aim to provide a better access to government information.Smart Economy involves the creation of innovation clusters and a triple helix concept where companies,faculties and citizens can interact and collaborate.So that innovation can be fostered through these networks,the initiatives under Smart Living is mainly targeting new technology adoptions that are mainly initiated by municipal police and tool developments for public transport.Finally,Smart People mainly involves trai
ning programmes for digital literacy of the Barcelona City Hall.To support these initiatives,Barcelona have built and/or use existing or new infrastructures—the22@Barcelona innovation
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