1． Background Knowledge
背景知识办公效率
With the development of capitalism , there arouse a powerful working class . From the thirties of the 19th century , the struggle between the workers and capitalists became the fundamental contradiction in English social life .
随着资本主义的发展，工人阶级也变得强大。从19世纪30年代开始，工人和资产家间的斗争成为英国社会基本矛盾。
惠灵顿医院
England became a typical capitalist country .Having consolidated its position at home , the British bourgeoisie strengthened its policy of colonial expansion in all parts of the world , successively competing for markets with other powerful countries of the world . The great misery of the workers led to an upsurge of labor movements and the organization of the workers into unions . In 1836 arose the working-class movement known as Chartism . So E
ngland was experiencing at the same time an aggravation of contradictions both at home and abroad .
此时的英国是典型的资本主义国家，对内剥削，对外开辟海外殖民地和占领市场。工人遭受的巨大苦难使他们联合起来进行反抗。1836年掀起的一场声势浩大的工人阶级运动，被称为宪章运动。所以英国国内外的矛盾都在恶化。 Time period of critical realism coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria from 1836 to 1901 , which is also called the Victorian Age . The crying social contradictions were reflected in the poetry and prose of the time .
批判现实主义的时间跨度与维多利亚女王的统治时间相吻合，大致从1836年到1901年，这一时期也被叫做维多利亚时期。这一时代的社会矛盾被反映在诗歌和散文中。
2． Literary Features of Critical Realism
1. Chartist literature is one of the literary features that showed the growing force of the working class .During the Chartist movement , the Chartist writers introduced a new theme into literature ----the struggle of the proletariat for its rights .The famous Chartist representatives included Ernest Jones ,Thomas Cooper and William James Linton .
宪章文学展现了工人阶级的日益强大。在宪章运动中,宪章作家引进了一种新的文学主题，即无产阶级为权利斗争的主题。著名的宪章文学代表有欧内斯特·琼斯,托马斯·库柏和威廉·詹姆·林顿。
2. Critical Realistic literature occupied a great important place in the 19th century literature .The 19th century realistic novels become “ the epic of the bourgeois society ”。The most excellent realists are Dickens and Thackeray , the two realistic novelists .
批判现实主义文学在19世纪文学中占有重要地位。19世纪的小说成为了“资产阶级的史诗”。最具代表性的批判现实主义小说家是狄更斯和萨克雷。
3. As women became more and more aware of their own rights and abilities , more and
more women writers stood on the stage of literature .Those women writers included the Brontë Sisters , Mrs.Gaskell ,and George Eliot .
随着妇女权利和能力意识的觉醒，越来越多的女性作家登上文学舞台。这些女性作家有勃朗特妹，盖斯凯尔夫人和乔治·艾略特。
朝阳办照3．Literary Terms
文学术语
1. Critical Realism
批判现实主义文学
（1）Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature . The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes , but also showed profound sympathy for the common people .
批判现实主义揭示了金钱控制一切对人性的恶劣影响。批判现实主义者不仅讽刺地描述了资产阶级和其他统治阶级，还表达了对普通大众的深切同情。
（2）But the critical realists did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well . They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works , but their novels usually have happy endings or an impotent compromise at the end .
灌水区但是批判现实主义者们并没有到消除社会罪恶的办法，他们作品中的主要倾向不是革命而是改革。在他们的作品中，他们通常是在开始时强有力地揭示了资本主义世界的丑恶，但最后只是提供给一个巧合的喜剧结尾或者无力的妥协。
(3)The most excellent realists are Dickens and Thackeray , the two realistic novelists .
最具代表性的批判现实主义作家是狄更斯和萨克雷。
2. Chartist Movement
宪章运动
(1)The Chartist Movement appeared first in London and then spread to the industrial North during the late thirties of the 19th century . It continued weakly to 1860 . Though the movement had failed ,it was the first formed , proletarian revolutionary movement .
宪章运动首先在伦敦发起，在19世纪30年代后期传播到工业发达的北部。该运动一直持续到1860年左右，虽然失败了但是它代表了英国历史上第一次伟大的无产阶级政治运动感。
(2)The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into literature ---- the struggle of the proletariat for its rights .
宪章文学作者引入了一种新的文学主题，即无产阶级为权利的斗争。
(3)The writers of the Chartist Movement include Ernest Jones ,Thomas Cooper ,William James Linton .
宪章文学作者主要包括欧内斯特·琼斯,托马斯·库柏和威廉·詹姆·林顿。
4．Major Writers and Works
主要作家和作品
1. Chartist Literature
宪章文学
(1) Ernest Jones (1819-1869)
欧内斯特·琼斯
The greatest of the Chartist poets is Ernest Jones .Born in Berlin , Jones came from a rich family with aristocratic connections .In 1846 he joined the Chartist movement and became one of its leaders .As a poet , Jones followed the tradition of the revolutionary romanticism of Byron and Shelley .His main poems included : “The Revolt of Hindostan , or the New World ”, “生长素的发现the Song of the lower classed ” and “ The Song of the Wagestate ”.
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