EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0Parenteral
preparations
Mucoadhesive preparations DEFINITION Mucoadhesive preparations contain one or more active substances intended for systemic absorption through the buccal mucosa over a prolonged
period
of time.They may be supplied as mucoadhesive buccal tablets or as other mucoadhesive solid or semi-solid preparations.Mucoadhesive buccal tablets are prepared by compression
of mono-or multi-layered
tablets.They usually contain
hydrophilic polymers,which on wetting with the saliva
produce a flexible hydrogel that adheres to the buccal mucosa.PRODUCTION In the manufacture of mucoadhesive buccal tablets,measures are taken to ensure that they possess suitable
pvod
mechanical strength to resist handling without crumbling or breaking.This may be
demonstrated
by examining the Friability of uncoated tablets (2.9.7)and the Resistance to crushing of tablets (2.9.8).TESTS Dissolution .
Unless
otherwise
justified and authorised,a suitable test is carried out to demonstrate the appropriate release of the active substance(s).01/2008:0520PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS Parenteralia The requirements
酵母表达
of this monograph do not necessarily apply to products derived from
human blood,to
immunological preparations,or radiopharmaceutical preparations.Special requirements may apply to preparations for veterinary use depending on the species of animal for which the preparation is intended.DEFINITION Parenteral preparations are sterile
preparations intended for administration by injection,infusion or implantation into the human or animal body.Parenteral preparations may require the use of excipients,for example to make the preparation isotonic with respect to blood,to adjust
2011安徽高考语文the pH,to increase solubility,to prevent deterioration of the active substances
or to provide
adequate
antimicrobial properties,but not to adversely affect the intended medicinal action of the preparation or,at the concentrations used,to cause toxicity or undue local irritation.Containers for parenteral preparations are made as far as possible from
materials
that are sufficiently transparent
to permit the visual inspection of the contents,except for implants and in other justified and authorised cases.Where applicable,
the containers for parenteral preparations comply with the requirements for Materials used for the manufacture of containers (3.1and subsections)and Containers (3.2and subsections).Parenteral preparations are supplied in glass containers (3.2.1
)or in other containers such as plastic containers (3.2.2,3.2.2.1and 3.2.9)and prefilled syringes.The tightness of the container
is ensured by
suitable
means.Closures
ensure a good seal,prevent the access of micro-organisms and other contaminants and usually permit the withdrawal of
a part or the whole of the contents without removal of the closure.The plastic
Win2kmaterials or elastomers (3.2.9)used to manufacture the closures are sufficiently firm and elastic to allow the passage of a needle with the least possible shedding of
particles.Closures for multidose containers are
sufficiently elastic to ensure that the puncture is resealed
when the needle is withdrawn.Several
categories of parenteral preparations may be distinguished:—injections,
—infusions,
—concentrates for injections or infusions,
—powders for injections or infusions,
—gels for injections,
—implants.
PRODUCTION
During
the development
of a parenteral preparation,the
formulation for which contains an antimicrobial preservative,the effectiveness of the chosen preservative shall be demonstrated
to the satisfaction of the competent authority.A suitable test method together
with
criteria for
judging
the preservative properties of the formulation are provided under Efficacy of antimicrobial preservation (5.1.3).
Parenteral preparations are prepared using materials and methods designed to ensure sterility and to avoid
the introduction of contaminants and the
growth of
micro-organisms.Recommendations on this aspect are
provided in the text on Methods of preparation of sterile products (5.1.1).Water used in the manufacture of parenteral preparations
complies with the requirements of water for injections in bulk stated in the monograph on Water for injections (0169).
TESTS
Particulate contamination:sub-visible particles (2.9.19).
For preparations for human use,solutions for infusion or
solutions for injection comply with the test.In
the case of preparations for subcutaneous or intramuscular injection,higher limits may be appropriate.Radiopharmaceutical preparations are exempt from these requirements.Preparations for which the label states that
the product is to be used with a final filter are exempt from these requirements,providing it has been demonstrated that the filter delivers a solution that complies with the test.
For preparations for veterinary use,when
supplied in containers with a nominal content of more than 100ml and when the content is equivalent to a dose of more than
1.4ml per kilogram of body mass,solutions for infusion or
solutions for injection comply with the test for particulate contamination:sub-visible particles.Sterility (2.6.1).Parenteral preparations comply with the test for sterility.
STORAGE
In a sterile,airtight,
tamper-proof container.
LABELLING
The label states:
—the name and
concentration of any added antimicrobial preservative,—where applicable,that the solution is to be used in conjunction with a final filter,—where applicable,that the preparation is free from
bacterial endotoxins or that it is apyrogenic.General Notices (1)apply to all monographs and other texts 735
Parenteral preparations EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA
6.0
Injections
DEFINITION
Injections are sterile solutions,emulsions or suspensions. They are prepared by dissolving,emulsifying or suspending the active substance(s)and any added excipients in water,in a suitable non-aqueous liquid,that may be non-sterile where justified,or in a mixture of these vehicles.
Solutions for injection,examined under suitable conditions of visibility,are clear and practically free fro
m particles. Emulsions for injection do not show any evidence of phase separation.Suspensions for injection may show a sediment which is readily dispersed on shaking to give a suspension which remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose to be withdrawn.
Multidose preparations.Multidose aqueous injections contain a suitable antimicrobial preservative at an appropriate concentration except when the preparation itself has adequate antimicrobial properties.When a preparation for parenteral use is presented in a multidose container, the precautions to be taken for its administration and more particularly for its storage between successive withdrawals are given.
Antimicrobial preservatives.Aqueous preparations which are prepared using aseptic precautions and which cannot be terminally sterilised may contain a suitable antimicrobial preservative in an appropriate concentration.
No antimicrobial preservative is added when:
—the volume to be injected in a single dose exceeds15ml, unless otherwise justified,
—the preparation is intended for administration by routes where,for medical reasons,an antimicrobial preservative is not acceptable,such as intracisternally,epidurally,
intrathecally or by any route giving access to the
cerebrospinal fluid,or intra-or retro-ocularly.
Such preparations are presented in single-dose containers.
PRODUCTION
In the manufacture of injections containing dispersed particles,measures are taken to ensure a suitable and controlled particle size with regard to the intended use. Single-dose preparations.The volume of the injection in a single-dose container is sufficient to permit the withdrawal and administration of the nominal dose using a normal technique(2.9.17).
TESTS
Uniformity of dosage units.Single-dose suspensions for injection comply with the test for uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40)or,where justified and authorised,with the test for uniformity of content shown below.Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations present in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions of this paragraph.
Uniformity of content(2.9.6).Unless otherwise prescribed or justified and authorised,single-dose suspensions for injection with a content of active substance less than2mg or less than2per cent of the total mass comply with test A for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations.If
the preparation contains more than one active substance, the requirement applies only to those substances that correspond to the above conditions.Bacterial endotoxins-pyrogens.A test for bacterial endotoxins(2.6.14)is carried out or,where justified and authorised,the test for pyrogens(2.6.8).Recommendations on the limits for bacterial endotoxins are given in chapter2.6.14.
Preparations for human use.The preparation complies with a test for bacterial endotoxins(2.6.14)or with the test for pyrogens(2.6.8).
Preparations for veterinary use.When the volume to be injected in a single dose is15ml or more and is equivalent to a dose of0.2ml or more per kilogram of body mass,the preparation complies with a test for bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14)or with the test for pyrogens(2.6.8).
Any preparation.Where the label states that the preparation is free from bacterial endotoxins or apyrogenic,respectively, the preparation complies with a test for bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14)or with the test for pyrogens(2.6.8),respectively.
Infusions
DEFINITION
Infusions are sterile,aqueous solutions or emulsions with water as the continuous phase.They are usually made isotonic with respect to blood.They are principally intended for administration in large volume.Infusions do not contain any added antimicrobial preservative.
Solutions for infusion,examined under suitable conditions of visibility are clear and practically free from particles. Emulsions for infusion do not show any evidence of phase separation.
PRODUCTION
In the manufacture of infusions containing dispersed particles,measures are taken to ensure a suitable and controlled particle size with regard to the intended use. The volume of the infusion in the container is sufficient
to permit the withdrawal and administration of the nominal dose using a normal technique(2.9.17).
TESTS
Bacterial endotoxins-pyrogens.They comply with a test for bacterial endotoxins(2.6.14)or,where justified and authorised,with the test for pyrogens(2.6.8).For the latter test inject10ml per kilogram of body mass into each rabbit, unless otherwise justified and authorised. Concentrates for injections or infusions DEFINITION
Concentrates for injections or infusions are sterile solutions intended for injection or infusion after dilution.They are diluted to a prescribed volume with a prescribed liquid before administration.After dilution,they comply with the requirements for injections or for infusions.
TESTS
Bacterial endotoxins-pyrogens.They comply with the requirements prescribed for injections or for infusions,after dilution to a suitable volume.
Powders for injections or infusions DEFINITION
Powders for injections or infusions are solid,sterile substances distributed in their final containers and which,when shaken with the prescribed volume of a prescribed sterile liquid rapidly form either clear and
736See the information section on general monographs(cover pages)
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0Patches,
transdermal practically particle-free solutions or uniform suspensions.
After dissolution or suspension,they comply with the
requirements for injections or for infusions.Freeze-dried products for parenteral use are considered as
powders for injections or infusions.PRODUCTION The uniformity of content
and uniformity
of mass of
freeze-dried products for parenteral use are ensured by the in-process control of the amount of the solution prior to freeze-drying.TESTS Uniformity of dosage units .Powders for injections or infusions comply with the test for uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40
)
2010诺贝尔化学奖or,where justified and authorised,with the tests for uniformity of content and/or uniformity of mass shown below.Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations present in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions of this paragraph.Uniformity of content (2.9.6).Unless otherwise prescribed or justified
and authorised,powders for injections or infusions with a content of active substance less than 2mg
or less than 2per cent of the total mass,or with a unit mass equal to or less than 40mg comply with test A for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations.If the preparation contains more than one active substance,the requirement applies only to those substances that correspond to the above conditions.Uniformity of mass (2.9.5).Powders for injections or infusions comply
with the test for uniformity of mass of
single-dose preparations.If the test for uniformity of content is prescribed for all the active substances,the test for uniformity of mass is not required.Bacterial endotoxins
-pyrogens
.They
comply
gtsswith the requirements prescribed for injections or for infusions,after dissolution or suspension in a suitable volume of liquid.LABELLING The label states the instructions for the preparation of injections and infusions.Gels for injections DEFINITION Gels for injections are sterile gels with a viscosity suitable to guarantee a modified release of the active substance(s)at the site of injection.Implants DEFINITION Implants are sterile,solid preparations of a size and shape suitable for parenteral implantation and release of the active substance(s)over an extended period of time.Each dose is provided in a sterile container.01/2008:1011PATCHES,TRANSDERMAL
Emplastra transcutanea
DEFINITION
Transdermal patches are flexible pharmaceutical preparations of varying sizes,containing one or more active
substances.They
are intended
to be applied to the unbroken
skin in order to deliver the active substance(s)to the systemic
circulation after passing through the skin barrier.Transdermal
patches normally consist of an outer covering which supports a preparation which contains the active
substance(s).The transdermal patches are covered on the
site of the release surface of the preparation by a protective liner,which is removed before applying the patch to the skin.
The outer covering is a backing sheet impermeable to the active substance(s)and normally impermeable to water,designed to support and protect the preparation.The outer covering may have the same dimensions as the preparation or it may be larger.In the latter case the overlapping border of the outer covering is covered by pressure-sensitive adhesive substances which assure the adhesion of the patch
to the skin.
The preparation contains the active substance(s)together
with excipients such as stabilisers,solubilisers or substances intended to modify the release rate or to enhance transdermal absorption.It may be a single layer or multi-layer solid or
semi-solid matrix,and in this case it is the composition
and structure of the matrix which determines the diffusion pattern of the active substance(s)to the skin.The matrix may contain pressure-sensitive adhesives which assure the
adhesion of the preparation to the skin.The preparation may exist as a semi-solid reservoir one side of which is a
membrane
which may control the release and the diffusion of the active substance(s)from the preparation.The pressure-sensitive adhesive substances may,in this case,be
applied to some or all parts of the membrane,or only around
the border of the membrane of the outer covering.When applied to the dried,clean and unbroken
skin,the
transdermal
patch adheres firmly to the skin by gentle pressure of the hand or the fingers and can be peeled off
without causing appreciable injury to the skin or detachment of the
preparation from the outer covering.The patch must
not be irritant or sensitising to the skin,even after repeated applications.The protective liner generally consists of a sheet of plastic or
metal material.When removed,the protective liner does not
detach the preparation (matrix or reservoir)or the adhesive from the patch.Transdermal patches are normally individually enclosed in sealed sachets.
PRODUCTION
In
the manufacture,packaging,storage and distribution
of transdermal
patches suitable means are taken to ensure
their microbial quality;recommendations on
this aspect are provided in the text on Microbiological quality of
pharmaceutical preparations (5.1.4).TESTS
Uniformity of
dosage
units .
Transdermal patches
comply
with the test for uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40)or,
where justified and authorised,with the test for uniformity General Notices (1)apply to all monographs and other texts 737
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