超实⽤英汉翻译技巧汇总经典收藏版
所谓“省略”并不是把原⽂的意义删去，⽽是省略⼀些可有可⽆的，或者有了反⽽显得累赘甚⾄违背译⽂语⾔习惯的词。
⼀、结构考虑的省略
1．代词的省略
A．省略作主语的代词
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在英⽂句⼦中，作主语的代词较多。为了使译⽂前后句⼦的意思紧凑，避免重复⽤词，或者为了使译⽂前后句⼦的主语能清楚地表⽰出来，有时能够将作主语的代词省去。但省去的⼈称代词在意思上仍明显地包含在译⽂⾥。例如： 1). That is the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it.
但我就是这个脾⽓，虽然⼏经努⼒，却未能改变过来。
2）Like his friends he had many wonderful ideas, but he only put a few into practice.
像他的朋友⼀样，他头脑⾥虽然有很多美妙的想法，却只有少数付诸实施。
B. 在英语句⼦中，泛指的⼈称代词常常不译出来。例如：
1）One is never too old to learn.
活到⽼，学到⽼。
2）They say it’s so.
据说是这样。
C. 作宾语的代词往往也可省略。
在英语句⼦中，有时作宾语的代词，⽆论在前⾯是否提到过，翻译成汉语的时候往往能够不译出来。例如：
1）The following letter will explain itself and needs no apology.
下⾯的话⼀看就明⽩，⽤不着道歉。
2）If you have read these stories, tell them in your own words.
如果你读过这些故事，就⽤⾃⼰的话讲出来。
3）The more he tried to hide his warts, the more he revealed them.
他越是要掩盖他的烂疮疤，就越是会暴露。
D. 省略物主代词
在英语句⼦⾥的物主代词，出现的频率很⾼。⼀个句⼦中往往会出现好⼏个物主代词，如果将每个物主代词都翻译出来那么汉语译⽂就显得⾮常罗嗦。所以在没有其他⼈称的物主代词出现的情况下，在翻译的时候物主代词⼤多省略。例如： 1）For two weeks, he had been studying the house, looking at its room, its electric wiring, its path and its garden.
两个星期以来，他⼀直注意房⼦的情况，查看各个房间、留⼼电路的⾛向以及通道和花园的布局。
2) In order to survive, to feed, clothe and shelter himself and his children, man is engaged in a const
ant struggle with nature.为了⽣存，为了⾃⼰和⼦孙后代的⾐⾷住⾏，⼈类和⼤⾃然持续地实⾏着⽃争。
1)She felt the flowers were in her finger, on her lips, growing in her breast.
她觉得⼿⾥和唇上都是花⼉，胸中也⽣长着花⼉。
2．省略⾮⼈称或⽆意义的代词it
“it”也起着代词的作⽤，在译⽂中，当它被⽤作⾮⼈称或没有意义的时候，往往能够省略。A．⾮⼈称的it
1) Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.
外⾯漆⿊⼀团，下着瓢泼⼤⾬。
2）A well—known characteristic of light is that it travels in straight lines.
光的⼀个尽⼈皆知的特性是直线传播。
B．⽆意义的it
1) It was very easy for him to pour the whole bottle of wine into his throat.
将整瓶酒到进喉咙对他来说是⼩菜⼀碟。
2）It is only shallow people who judge by appearance.
只有浅薄的⼈才会以貌取⼈。
3. 省略连词
在英语和汉语的句⼦中，连词的⽤法有着很多的共同点，但英语中连词⽐汉语多，⽽且⽤得也⽐汉语⼴泛。因为在英语句⼦中，短语与短语、句⼦与句⼦之间多采⽤形合法，即要求结构上的完整。⽽汉语则不然。汉语句⼦结构⼀般都按时间顺序和逻辑关系排列，语序固定、关系明确，不需要太多的连词来表⽰相互之间的关系。所以在英译汉时候，连词在很多情况下能够不译。
A．省略并列连词and和or
1)Mr. Bingley was good—looking and gentleman—like.
宾利先⽣相貌英俊，彬彬有礼。
2)Men and women, young and old, all joined in the battle.
男⼥⽼少都参加了战⽃。
B.省略从属连词
在从属连词中，表⽰原因的as ,because, since，表⽰条件的if，以及表⽰时间关系的when 和as等，虽然在英语的句⼦中是⼗分必要的，但因为汉语句⼦的关系很明确，⼀般不会产⽣歧异，故在译⽂中，这些从属连词往往能够省略不译。
1) We knew spring was coming as we had seen a robin. (原因)
我们见到了⼀只知更鸟，知道春天快要到了。
2）If I had known it, I would not have joined in it.（条件）
早知如此，我就不参加了。
3）Sunday is the day when I am least busy. (时间)
周⽇我最闲。
4、省略介词
表⽰时间和地点的介词短语在翻译成汉语时，如果能够放在句⾸，介词往往能够省略；如果只能放在句末，就不能省略。
1）The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.
1949年中华⼈民共和国成⽴。
2）On Sundays we have no school.
周⽇我们不上学。
3）She hid behind the door. （behind不能省略）
她藏在门后。
⼆、从修辞⾓度考虑的省略
1、省略汉语中不⾔⽽喻的或可有可⽆的字
1）Could you help me in any way ?
你能帮帮我吗？
2）As it happens, we did not meet there.
我们并未在那⾥碰头。
3）There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass
was dead.
没有下雪，树已落叶，草已⼲枯。
2、英语中重复出现的短语，译成汉语时可适当省略
1）Universities applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.
报考⼤学的⼈，有⼯作经验的优先录取。
2）She curtseyed again, and would have blushed deeper, if she could have blushed deeper than she has blushed all the time.
她⼜⾏了⼀个屈膝礼，因为她的脸⼀直涨得通红，所以现在不可能涨得更红了。
3、同义词、近义词或意义重复的词翻译时可适当省略
1）He was safe and sound. 他平安⽆恙。
2）It’s essential that the mechanic or technician understands well the characteristics of battery circuits and the proper methods for connecting batteries or cells.
重要的是，技术⼈员要深⼊了解电池电路的特性和连接电池的准确⽅法。
翻译练习
1.He was naturally proud and ambitious, but he was honest and true, and always put the
interest of his countrymen before his own.
2.He is not well today, but he still comes to class.
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k is sold by the pound.
4.People use science to understand and change nature.
5.The sun is bright, and the sky is clear.
6.If winter comes, can spring be far behind ?
7. The two devices are of a size.
第⼆节增译法
所谓增译法，就是在原⽂的基础上增添必要的单词、词组、分句或完整句，从⽽使译⽂在语法、语⾔形式上符合汉语的习惯并使译⽂在⽂化背景、词语联想⽅⾯与原⽂保持⼀致，以达到译⽂与原⽂在内容、形式和精神⽅⾯对等起来的⽬的。
⼀、从句法结构上考虑
1、增补原⽂中省略的动词
这⾥所说的原⽂中省略的动词，不但是指前⾯出现过⽽后⾯省略了的，同时还包括原⽂中没有的。但在翻译成汉语的时候，出于句法上的需要，有时还需要将动词补出。
1）We don’t retreat, we never have and never will.
我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不会后退。
2）Seeing falsely is worse than blindness and speaking falsely than silence.
所见不真，犹不如盲；所⾔不实，不如缄默。
3）Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.
物质能够转化成能量，能量也能够转化成物质。
2．增补原⽂回答句中的省略部分
1）Is this your wallet ? Yes, it is.
这是你的钱包吗？是我的。
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2）Don’t you want Mr. Smith to be your tutor ? Yes, of course I do.
你不想让史密斯先⽣当你的导师吗？我当然想。
3．增补原⽂⽐较句中的省略部分
1）Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.
从别⼈的失败中汲取教训⽐从⾃⼰的失败中汲取教训更好。
2）The footman were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress.
仆⼈们愿意服侍她，就像他们愿意服侍他们的⼥主⼈
4、增补表⽰逻辑关系的词语
有时候英语原⽂中没有表达逻辑关系的词语，但根据上下⽂能够判断出其隐含的逻
辑关系，如假设、让步、因果关系等，在翻译成汉语的时候，要适当加以补充。1）More thorough testing might have caught the failure initially.
如果测试更为彻底，也许⼀开始就能出故障。
2）Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed.
⼯作完成不了，那可怎么办？
3）Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected ?
如果对⾃⼰的错误都不能理解到，怎么能指望你会悔改呢？
⼆、从意义或修辞上考虑
根据意义上的需要，有时能够在名词前后增加动词，使意思更明确，读起来也较通顺⾃然，符合现代汉语的习惯。
1）After the football match, he’s got an important meeting.
观看⾜球⽐赛之后，他有⼀个重要会议参加。
2）He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.
他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。
2．增加副词
有些动词根据原⽂的上下⽂能够增加适当的副词，以确切表⽰原意。
1）As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.
他⼀坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
2）The crowds melted away.
⼈逐步地散开了。
3．增加名词
A. 在不及物动词后⾯增加名词
英语中的某些动词在⽤作不及物动词的时候，虽然后⾯并没有带宾语，但宾语实际上是隐含在动词后⾯的。所以在翻译成汉语时，往往要把隐含的宾语翻译出来。
1）Day after day he came to his work—sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.
他每天来⼲活——扫地、擦地板、收拾房间。
2）I could knit when I was seven.
我7岁时就会织⽑⾐。
于幼军是谁的女婿B. 在抽象名词后⾯增加名词
某些由动词或形容词派⽣出来的抽象名词，在翻译时可根据上下⽂在后⾯增加适当的名词，使译⽂更合乎汉语规范。
理论化学
1）We have made some achievements, and we must guard against complacency.
我们取得了⼀些成绩，但还要防⽌⾃满情绪。
2）Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.
氧化作⽤会使钢铁⽣锈。
可利霉素片C．在具体名词后⾯增加名词
当具体名词表达某种抽象概念时，译⽂中也常需要根据上下⽂增加⼀些适当的名词。1）I still remember the night when I came to the village.
我还记得刚来到这个村⼦的那个晚上的情景。
2.In the future, automation may enable human beings to enjoy far more leisure than they do today.
将来⾃动化可能使⼈类享受到⽐今天更多的空闲时间。
D．在形容词前⾯增加名词
1）This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.
这部打字机真是价廉物美。
2) He is a complicated man—moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.
他是个性格复杂的⼈——喜怒⽆常、反复多变，有些郁郁寡欢。
4．增加表达复数的词
汉语中的名词没有复数的概念，也没有词形上的变化，很多情况下不必表达出来；⽽英语中的名词有词形的变化，却没有量词，所以在翻译成汉语的时候，可根据情况增加重叠词、数词或其他⼀些词来表达复数的概念，以达到修辞的效果。
增加重叠词表⽰复数
1）Flowers bloom all over the yard.
朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。
2）There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.
⼀排排的房⼦，都是他从来没有见过的。
增加数词或其它词表⽰复数
3）The lion is the king of animals.
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