1999年英译汉试题参考译⽂
日凌期
（71）⼏乎每个历史学家对史学都有⾃⼰的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重⼤史实并对其做出解释。由于受时间和地点的限制，每⼀代史学家都要重新判断过去哪些史料对其有重要价值。在这种探索中所发现的证据总是不完整的、零碎的，⽽且常常是有偏见的或带有派别意识的。实际从事历史研究的⼈总是知道，他们的努⼒只不过是为永⽆⽌境的探索过程添砖加⽡，这就使其⼯作颇具讽刺意味。 （72）⼈们之所以关注历史研究的⽅法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不⼀，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是⼀门学问。尽管历史学曾经崇尚它与⽂学和哲学的相似性，但新兴的社会科学似乎为⼈们提出新问题和提供了解过去的有效途径开辟了更为⼴阔的天地。社会科学研究的⽅法必须改变以适应这样⼀条指导，即以史料为基础，⽽不是为当代社会之需。（73）在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新⽅法充实了传统的历史研究⽅法。 中国糖酒招商网 在历史学界，⽅法论这个词从来都是模棱两可的。（74）所谓⽅法论究竟是指⼀般的历史研究研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适⽤的研究⼿段，⼈们对此意见不⼀。史学家，尤其是那些局限于他们的研究兴趣，以致被指责为单⽅同研究法的史学家，常常成了单纯技术⽅法论的牺牲品。这种谬论在⾃然科学领域⾥也是屡见不鲜的，它错误地把整个学科与学科研究的某些操作⽅法等同起来。
（75）这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部⼈⼠对各种史料来源的评论；后者认为历史的研究是具体⽅法的研究。
11.2000年英译汉试题及参考译⽂
线圈匝数 Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.（71）Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.（72）Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage.For example，they may encourage research in various ways，including the setting up of their own research centers;they may alter the structure of education，or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited;or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science，economics any industry，In any case，all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
一汽马自达车主俱乐部
（73）Owing to the remarkable development in masscommunications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time，the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past.For example，（74）in the early in industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a
century，whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.（75）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors，governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
2000年英译汉试题参考译⽂
中国海警
世界各国政府都认为，⼈民的幸福主要依赖于社会的经济实⼒和财富。（71）在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从⽽就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。（72）再者，显⽽易见的是⼀个国家的经济实⼒与其⼯农业⽣产效率密切相关，⽽效率的提⾼⼜有赖于各种科技⼈员的努⼒。这就意味着，各国政府得越来越多地⼲预这些部门以便提⾼产量并确保产品会得到的利⽤。例如，政府可以⽤各种⽅法来⿎励研究，其中包括建⽴⾃⼰的研究中⼼；政府可以改⾰教育结构，或以政府⼲预来减少⾃然资源的消费量、开发迄今未被利⽤的资源；或者政府可以在⽇益增加的与科学、经济学和⼯业有关的项⽬中直接进⾏协作。⽆论如何，所有这些政府⼲预主要有赖于科学⽅⾯的咨询和各种类型的科技⼈才。 （73）⼤众通讯的显著发展使各地的⼈们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的⾰新。⽽同时，全世界的正常的社会变⾰速度与过去相⽐⼤⼤加快了。（74）在先期实现⼯业化的欧洲国家中，其⼯业化进程以及随之⽽来的各种深刻的社会结构变⾰，持续了⼤约⼀世纪之久，⽽如今⼀个发展中国家在10年左右就可能完成这个过程。（75）由于⼈⼝的猛增或⼤量⼈⼝流动（现代交通⼯具使这种流动相对容易）造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压⼒。由于这些因素的结果，政府正越来越多地依靠⽣物学家和社会科学家来安排适当的规划，并付诸实施。双n
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