Reading Comprehension
An industrial society, especially one as centralised and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services, for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbours. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, **puter and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.
It is this interdependency of the economic system which makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries" economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labour force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British w
orkers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain"s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.
联想td800
唐山学院学报There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions fight for their members" disappearing jobs to the point where the jobs of other unions" members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.
Trade unions have problems of **munication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union. Some trade union officials have to be reelected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed, for life. Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" in many unions, "shop stewards" are workers elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.嗳呵婴儿
特润护肤霜
1. The trade union power is important in Britain because ______.
A. the economy is very interdependent
B. unions have been established a long timesouthern杂交
晶炼C. there are more unions in Britain than elsewhere
D. there are few essential services
2. Why is it difficult to improve the procedures for fixing wage levels?
A. Some industries have no unions.
B. Unions are not organized according to industries.
C. Only 55 percent of workers belong to unions.
D. Some unions are too powerful.
3. Because of their out-of-date organization some unions find it difficult to ______.
A. change as industries change
B. get new members to join
C. launch movements with ease.
D. bargain for high enough wages
4. Disagreements arise between unions because ______.
A. some unions try to win over members of other unions
B. some unions ignore agreements
C. there are different levels of wages from union to union
D. some unions take over other union"s jobs
5. What basic problem are we told most trade unions face?
A. They are not equal in size or influence.
B. They are not organized efficiently.
C. They is lack of **munication.
D. They do not have enough members.
In a survey conducted by research firm Harris Interactive, 71% of Americans said that spending extra money on travel during the holiday season is worthwhile—so long as it affords them time with family and friends. But just because traveling may be the right thin
g to do, that doesn"t mean it has to be the expensive thing to do. Traveling involves many hidden costs that, once you"re aware of them, are easy to spot—and even easier to eliminate.
To start, consider transportation fees. For example, if you"re driving, fill up the gas tank before traveling on the highway, where it"s much costlier, says Clarky Davis, a personal finance expert. And make sure your car is in good condition by checking your heating vents, keeping up with routine maintenance and ensuring your tires are properly inflated, all of which help the car achieve favorable fuel economy. Furthermore, not only does atow car(救援车) cause inconvenience; it also means extra costs.
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