英语（一）试题 -1-（共 14 页）
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all availab
le on our smartphones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks may help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.
When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area of land, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H 2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.
If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights – you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.
12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.
18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the land
scape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.
英语（一）试题 -2-（共 14 页）
1. A. Few
B. Most
C. Some
D. All 2. A. put
B. take
C. run
D. come 3. A. Since B. Until C. Though D. If 4. A. formally
B. literally
C. gradually
D. relatively 5. A. around
B. away
C. back
D. next 6. A. onto
B. along
C. across
D. off 7. A. unattractive
B. unfamiliar
C. unchanged
D. uncrowded 8. A. way
B. point
C. site
D. place 9. A. Instead
B. Yet
C. So
D. Besides 10. A. immediately
B. eventually
C. unexpectedly
D. intentionally 11. A. frightened
B. annoyed
C. surprised
D. confused 12. A. problem
B. result
C. view
D. option 13. A. Above all
B. For example
净空
C. On average太湖水污染
D. In contrast 14. A. spot
B. avoid
C. bridge
D. separate 15. A. from
B. under
资本主义生产方式
C. beyond
D. through 16. A. posts
B. breaks
C. shades
D. links 17. A. hidden
B. mysterious
C. artificial
D. limited 18. A. Finally
B. Consequently
C. Incidentally
D. Generally 19. A. memories
B. belongings
C. notes
D. marks 20. A. lead
B. adapt
C. restrict
D. expose
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
英语（一）试题 -3-（共 14 页）
Text 1
Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.
“Short -termism,” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in pu blicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat th em at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.
The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterl y profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”
In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of infor
mation, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short -term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.
In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short -termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.
Much more could be done to encourage “long -termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.
Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.
英语（一）试题 -4-（共 14 页）
21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to
A. guarantee the bonuses of top executives.
B. enhance bankers ’ sense of responsibility.
C. build a new system of financial regulation.
D. help corporations achieve larger profits.
22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate
A. the solid structure of publicly traded companies.
网络新闻评论B. governments ’ impatience in decision-making. C. the conditions for generating quick profits.
D. “short -termism” in economic activities.
23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be
A. minimal.
B. indirect.
C. adverse.
D. temporary.
24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate
A. the approaches to promoting “long-termism.”
B. the prevalence of short-term thinking.
碳同位素C. the significance of long-term thinking.
D. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism.”
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives
B. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism
C. Patience as a Corporate Virtue
D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers
英语（一）试题 -5-（共 14 页） Text 2
Grade inflation – the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades – is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force – a policy often buried deep in course ca talogs called “grade forgiveness” – is helping raise GPAs.
Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overal l GPA.
The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this
btkpractice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.
College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”
That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention – so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students – who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill – feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.
Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible – or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.
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