The Industrial Revolution
Outline
一、 foreword
二、 background
三、 reason
五、 influence
（一） to Britain
（三） to the world
赵东宛
As we all know, revolution could change something and there were so many revolutions in history over the world. The industrial revolution is one of them.
After the 1688 glorious revolution established constitutional monarch, parliament secured the dominant position in political life in Britain. This helped to pave the way for rule of law and peaceful development. Externally, Britain began to gain the upper hand in the contest to rein supreme on the sea after the decisive sea battle with Spain in 1588, in which the English navy defeated the Spanish Armada.
The industrial revolution refers to be the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries.
This revolution was a tremendous technological revolution in the history of technology, and it inaugurated the age which the machine replaced manual tool. This revolution is not only the technology innovation but also a profound social change. The industrial revolution began with the appearance of working machine and the symbol was the extens
ive use of the stream engine.
Why the industrial revolution first occurred in Britain? There are so many reasons.
(1)、geography as an island country, Britain enjoyed some geographical advantage for foreign trade. Britain could conveniently move its goods abroad, expand foreign market and plant overseas colonies.
pi调节器(2) 、plunder the new class managed to accomplish” primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and exploitation. It plundered the church and confiscated much of its property during the reformation. It dispossessed the peasants of their lands and turned them into wage-earners. It plundered Africa and America through colonization and the notorious triangular trade.
(3)、changes in agriculture changes in agriculture in the mid-eighteenth century constituted another important contributing factor. Agriculture had been the backbone of Britain and most British people had been relying on agriculture for a living. Changes in farming methods therefore would affect lives of millions of British people.
(4)、 the disruption of serfdom the serfdom of Britain collapsed early, and it prepared the “free” labor force for industry.
(5) 、enclosure movement enclosure movement drove the farmer out from the land and forced them to find a way out in industrial production.
(6) 、the protestant work ethic the protestant work ethic, advocated by the puritans, also contributed to the industrial revolution. The ethic claimed that everyone should work hard and laziness was one of the greatest sins. The protestant work ethic believed that to be industrious was ethically correct and that would lead to worldly prosperity.
The industrial revolution in Britain first began in the textile industry. England had been a major producer of wool for centuries. Expansion of textile trades promoted the textile industry to adopt factory methods of production first. There were so many inventions during this time.
Textile revolution
(1)、in 1733 John Kay invented the flying shuttle which sped up hand weaving, creating demand for faster yarn spinning.
(2)、in 1766 James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny, which enabled one hand laborer to spin 10 threads at a time.
(3)、in 1769 richard arkwright invented the waterframe and Samuel crompton invented a new weaving machine which he named the mule in 1779. These two inventions replaced hand labor altogether because they were driven by power.
(4)、in 1784 Edmund wright invented the power loom which increased production by 200 times and enabled weaving to catch up with spinning.
Machinery revolution
(1)、the appearance of the stream engine was a great event in history. In 1765 James watt’s new stream engine with rotary motion was first used to furnish power for a spinning mill in Nottingham shire. Very soon it was used all over the country. The invention of the s
tream engine brought about a real “revolution” in textile.
高等代数试题Technology revolution 西北植物学报(1)、to make the new machine, the production of iron and steel had to be increased. In 1709, Abraham darby successfully replaced charcoal with coke in smelting iron, hugely increasing the production of iron. In 1784 henry court invented the pudding and rolling processes, which increased the production of high-quality iron to replace wood and stone in constraction.
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