1.Article 38 of the Statute of the international Court of Justice states:
1.The court,whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it,shall apply:
(a)international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognised by the contesting States;
(b)international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;
(c)the general principles of law recogni读反对本本主义有感sed by civilised nations;
(d)subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.
1.法院对于陈诉各项争端，应依国际法裁判之，裁判时应适用：
（a）不论普通或特别国际协约，确立诉讼当事国明白承认之规条者。
（d）在第五十九条规定之下，司法判例及各国权威最高之公法学家学说，作为确定法律原则之补助资料者。
2.Title to territory
Traditionally, there have been five means of acquiring title to territory:
(a)occupation of terra nullius (无主地)- discovery alone is insufficient to establish title and it must be accompanied by effective occupation.What constitutes effective occupation will depend on the nature of the territory concerned;
(b)火力发电厂设计技术规程prescription;
(c)conquest - this method,although of historical interest,is no longer a permitted way of obtaining title to territory;
(d)accretion and avulsion; and
(e)Cession.
The creation of title is to be judged according to the contemporary rules of law and not according to the law in force at the time of the dispute.The traditional means of acquisition should not be thought of as mutually exclusive nor as a comprehensive list. Other factors,such as tribunal decisions and continuity or contiguity, may be significant.
传统上，有五个获得领土所有权的手段:：
（a）占领无主地——发现本身是不足以建立所有权的，它必须伴随有效占领。什么是有效的占领将取决于有关领土的性质(东格陵兰岛案(1933))；
（b）时效；
（c）征服——这种方法只能作为历史依据，现在不再是取得领土所有权的许可方式；
（d）添附和河流改道；和
（e）割让。
所有权的创建是根据同时代的法律规则进行判断，而不是根据在争执发生时期的法律判断。取得的传统方式不应该被认为是相互排斥的，也不是一个全面的列表。其它因素，如法庭判决和连续性或相邻性原则，也可能在实践中产生重要影响。
3. Boundaries
A potential cause of dispute between neighbouring States is determination of territorial boundaries. Ultimately,this will have to be achieved by agreement and such agreement may often provide for free movement of officials across the border and joint exploitation of borderland resources. As far as the boundaries of former colonial territories are concerned, the presumption is that the colonial borders will continue to be respected and this principle has more recently been applied in the c
ase of the break up of federal States, as in the case of former Yugoslavia. There are a number of accepted principles which apply in situations where a boundary follows the course of a river. The normal rule is that the boundary will follow the median line.
邻国之间争端的一个潜在原因是领土边界的确定。最终，这将不得不通过条约来确定，且这些条约往往会规定官员在边境的自由流动和边疆资源的合作开发问题。至于前殖民地领土的边界，将采用“保持现状的原则”，即殖民地的边界将继续得到尊重，这个狼和小羊教学设计原则最近在联邦国家解散的情况下被应用，如前南斯拉夫的情况。还有一些在特定情形下被采用的原则，如边界遵循河流走向的原则。正常的规则是，边界将遵循河流的中间线原则。 4. Judicial settlement
硬泡聚氨酯The best known international judicial tribunal is the International Court of Justice,which sits in The Hague.The ICJ is composed of 15 judges and hears disputes between States.It can also deliver advisory opinions if requested to do so by authorised international organisations.The jurisdiction of the court in contentio
us cases depends upon the consent of the parties which may be expressed:
(a)in a special agreement;
(b)in the provisions of a treaty;
(c)by conduct following the unilateral initiation of proceedings by the applicant;or
(d)by acceptance of the court’s compulsory jurisdiction under Article 36(2) of the Statute of the ICJ (see Norwegian Loans case (1957); Nicaragua case (1986)).
The ICJ also has an incidental jurisdiction and can hear preliminary objections to jurisdiction,applications to intervene, and issue interim orders - see the Lockerbie case (1993).
The final judgment of the ICJ in contentious cases is binding on the parties to the dispute.
2.司法解决
最著名的国际司法机构是国际法院，它坐落在海牙。国际法院由15名法官组成，负责审理国家间争端。如果有经授权的国际组织要求，它也可以提供咨询意见。在有争议的情况下，法院的管辖权取决于当事人意思表达的一致：
（a）一个特殊的协议；
（b）条约的规定；
（c）通过申请人单方面发起的；或
（d）通过接受法院根据国际法院规约第36条（2）的强制管辖（参见挪威贷款案（1957年），尼加拉瓜案（1986））。
国际法院也有一个附带的管辖权，即针对初步反对主张的管辖权，申请干预，并发出临时保全措施——参见洛克比案（1993）。
欧广国际法院对诉讼案件的最后判决对争端各方都有约束力。
5. Recognition
深圳保龄球馆In international law,much depends upon the extent to which a particular State of affairs is recognised by the international community.Much has therefore been written about the recognition of State and there have developed two competing theories.
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