2018年16期总第404期
ENGLISH ON CAMPUS
【摘要】校园八卦作为校园对话的特殊形式正越来越普遍。这篇文章主要从合作原则和会话分析理论层面，探讨校园八卦内容的结构和作用。第一部分将基于现实语料，对校园八卦现象进行分析，第二部分为总结。莫特
【关键词】校园八卦；模糊限制词语；原则
骨骼地球【Abstract】School gossip, an ubiquitous form of school conversation, is becoming more and more popular nowadays. This essay aims to give detailed illustrations of the structure and function of school gossip in light of the Cooperative Principles and Conversation Analysis. It can be divided into two parts. In the first part, I will discuss the phenomenon with real life corpus. In the second part, I will make a brief conclusion about school gossip.
【Key words】school gossip; hedge; maxim
【作者简介】耿媛君(1997.10.8- )，女，汉族，湖北武汉人，华中师范大学在读，研究方向为英语翻译。 I. Background and Corpus
工程项目融资论文Gossip is everywhere. Unlike casual chat, gossip in modern society always has negative meanings. In most cases, it refers to informal talk or stories about other people’s private lives that maybe unkind or untrue. Due to the widespread of social media and diversification of telecommunication facilities, people are more and more exposed to various information. Sharing life experiences in social platform such as “friend circle” or “microblog” is common, which provide chance for privacy disclosure. It is hard for us to ensure our friends will not talk about things you share in “friend circle” with people you do not even know. Most of people start or be involved in gossiping, a study found about 65% of our conversation are spent discussing other people and their habits(Dunbar, 2004). To some extent, gossip is unavoidable. Thus, investigating the cause and effect of gossip becomes a hot linguistic phenomenon many sociologists, psychologists investigate. However, most of their researches and analyses are based on work place, only few of them involved school gossip. Therefo
篮球规则的演变
re, I would like to discuss about campus gossip in light of pragmatics by American teen drama television series “Gossip Girl” and some real school life examples. We will probe into the general pattern of gossiping and its effect towards the listener as well as the methods of making response to gossip in light of pragmatics by American teen drama television series “Gossip Girl” and some real school life examples. According to my research, there are 96% of university students regard gossip as a daily routine in life. Their topic of gossip can be classified into four groups: love, friendship, study and family. Roughly, based on the response, we can further divide the gossip into three kinds. In the following part, I would like to analyse the patter of conversations in these three aspects. Firstly, we should know that no matter which kind of gossip students tend to talk, the very beginning sentence always starts like: “Did you know so&so.”Truth is that people involved in a conversation will expect some information to be expressed. An expected uttering should obey the cooperative principle and if not, speakers use hedges to mark that they may not fully adhering to the principle. Analyzing the starting sentence of gossips, I find it very interesting that although the gossipers’ information in most cases is not true, which means they escape the maxims of quality, they do not use hedges. By omitting hedges, the first turn speaker will create a mysterious atmosphere and arose the listener’s interests in order to let the conversation continue smoothly as he or she expect. After the lead-in sentence, the speaker will give more messages about the event.
One type of gossip is that both of the parties obey the basic pattern of “I speak—you speak—I speak—you speak” which means they are fully involved in the topic. Take “love” topic as an example, which is the most popular theme of gossip. Here is an example from Yahoo about after class, boys’ gossip when one of them was going out with a girl in the next class:
Mike: “Man, I ain’t never seen a girl look like ICECREAM before.”
Steve:“When are you breaking up with her?” Mike:“I’m not breakin’ up with her ‘till I knock her.” It is true that there is a convention that certain referring expressions will be used to identify certain entities on a regular basis(page 19). But if we believe so, “ICECREAM” in this situation is meaningless. Surely, aided by the context, “ICECREAM” is the nickname of that girl and pronoun “her” is referring expressions of “ICECREAM”. Mike raises a topic and Steve shows his interest by raising a further question about related to that topic. Obviously, Steve notice the implication of Mike and tries to get more details about their relationship. Thus, we may draw a brief conclusion from this example that the the fundamental elements of starting and continuing a gossip are that speakers involved in should have shared knowledge and social connection. Surely if the listener wants to continue the topic, he or she can raise questions about the lost information of the utterances.
金属表面耐磨涂层
The other type of gossip is that the speaker keeps the turns and do not give them away while the listener passively
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2202018年16期总第404期
ENGLISH ON CAMPUS Pragmatic Analysis of Verbal Humor of Joe Wong’ s Talk Show in White House
文/孔越怡
【Abstract】Verbal humor is indispensably used in talk show. However, people laugh sometimes not for the utterances per se but for what gets more communicated than uttered, basing on which it will focus on the pragmatic strategies of verbal humor, like flout of cooperation principle, flout of polite principle, and presupposition-related strategy etc., with the example of Joe Wong’s performance in White House.
梅甘 福克斯
【Key words】Verbal Humor; Pragmatic Strategies; Cooperation Principle (CP); Polite Principle (PP); Presupposition 【作者简介】孔越怡，华中师范大学外国语学院。
Joe Wong is a Chinese American comedian who achieved great success with his talk show at annual dinner in White House in 2010. It will take Joe’ s talk show as the classic example to figure out what makes his performance so hilarious and successful. I. Cooperative Principle Strategy In communication, to avoid confusing, tricking or withholding relevant information, people intend to cooperate, or at least, be assumed to cooperate, with each other, which thus brings the rough principle expected to be observed by speakers (Grice, 1975), i.e., Cooperative Principle (CP). According to Grice, there are roughly four maxims: quality maxim, quantity maxim, relation maxim and manner maxim.However, under some context, speakers deliberately violate the CP maxims, i.e. flouting the CP maxims (Yule, 1996), which is interpreted as conveying more than they said. The flout of CP maxims can result in humor, reflecting the speaker’s humorous intention, leading to humorous effect. And it is through identification of speaker’s very flout of the maxims aforementioned that humor is perceived (Fang listens.Although common background knowledge exists, sometimes gossip cannot continue smoothly. We all know that the basic pattern of a conversation should follow “ I speak —you speak—I speak—you speak”pattern, however, if the listener do not want to continue th
e gossip, this pattern may be broken. Here is the example from Mary and Jonson:Mary: Jonson, you know who Kate’s dad is!(3 seconds)Mary: Jonson, you know //wh-Jonson: don’t know//Mary: Headmaster!(3 seconds)Jonson: uh-uh, okay.Mary use pre-announcements to check if Jonson is willing to pay attention. She turn over the floor to Jonson but Jonson does not speak at first, the silence here is attributable silence, which shows that Jonson may be not interested in this topic or he has something busy in dealing with. But later the overlap and use of backchannel signals occurs, which confirm our guess of Jonson’s annoyance or unhappiness of this topic. Although it is polite for Jonson to have a face saving act, the situation is still a little bit awkward. Therefore, if people do not want to get involved in a gossip-sharing circumstances, the best way is to response by using backchannels.The last type of gossip is that the listener wants to make some comments about the gossip while the situation does not allow. This kind of situation is ubiquitous when we refer to the topic of friendship. This example is from “Gossip Girl”:Nate:Jenny, I know you are friends with Blair. And you’d never want to do anything to betray her. But if you Jenny:Well, Blair was never really my friend.Nate: //SO..Jenny:SO//.. yeah, there’s something you should know.This conversation is built around the premise that Jenny, Nate and Blair know each others which can be told by the entailment Nate said. From the overlap “so” and expressions such as “something”, the speaker tries to skip the expectation of maxims of manner so that to stay away from the argument.II.
Conclusion In conclusion, use of hedge is important in gossip-telling and gossip-responding. For those who do not want to get involved in the gossip, they can use backchannels or skip one of the cooperative principles to show their attitudes. For those who show interests to the gossip, they can raise questions to discuss more details about the topic. 参考文献：
[1]Vianney,M.School Gossip Column:Handle with Care.The Clearing House,vol.21,no.4,1946,pp.238–239.JSTOR,JSTOR,/stable/30178647.[2]George Yule.(1996).Pragmatics.Oxford University Press,Oxford.[3]岳文忠.职场负面八卦的前因与后果：基于八卦目标的视角[J].心
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