Application and Analysis of ZigBee Technology for Smart Grid
Qiang Zhang #1, Yugeng Sun #2, Zhenhui Cui *3
#
School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University
Tianjin, China 1
zhangqiang@tju.edu
2
ygsun@tju.edu
*
Electric Power Communication Subsidiary Company of Tianjin Electric Power Corporation
Tianjin, China
3
xiaocui_82@126
Abstract —Aiming at the requirement for monitoring and controlling information in Smart Grid, the applications of ZigBee technology for Smart Grid were analyzed. After ZigBee technology and its features for Smart Grid were introduced, the pros pects of ZigBee applications for Smart Grid were dis cus s ed in the cas es of ZigBee applications in Smart Grid HAN, fault locating and UHV trans mis s ion lines monitoring. Some attentions s hould be paid to ZigBee applications for Smart Grid were propos ed. Finally, ZigBee technology would be integrated with Smart Grid gradually and become an indi s pen s able ba s ic wirele s s
communication technology in constructing Smart Grid were pointed out.
Keywords-Zi g
Bee; Smart Grid; AMI; Wireless Sensor Networks; Electric Power Communication I. I NTRODUCTION ZigBee is a low-power, low-rate, short-range wireless communication technology based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, which can be widely used in industrial control,
home automation, health care, building automation,
consumer electronics, remote control and other fields. In the
electrical power automation area, it has been used for wireless meter reading, power system monitoring, electric
parameters measurement and so on [1-3]. All of these applications have achieved effective monitoring on electric power system operations, and improved system reliability and efficiency.
Smart Grid will integrate the most advanced sensor technology, network technology, communication technology, new energy technology and IT technology with
electric power system, to enable the existing electric network with the abilities of self-healing, interaction,
compatibility, integration, optimization and security [4, 5]. ZigBee will be made full use of its own technical advantages to play an important role in power grid construction, network safety management, operation and maintenance, information collection, security monitoring,
parameter measurement, and user interaction. ZigBee will
be adopted to provide high-availability support for power grid intelligence and integration of information, business and power flow. II.
Z IGBEE T ECHNOLOGY A ND I TS F EATURES F OR
S MART G RID
A. ZigBee Technology
ZigBee technology is based on the IEEE802.15.4 standard. IEEE802.15.4 is an economic, high-efficiency, low-rate standard for personal area network and peer-to-peer networks, which is working in 2.4GHz, 868 and 928 MHz with two-way wireless data transmission. IEEE802.15.4 standard defines physical layer (PHY) and media access layer (MAC), on this basis, ZigBee Alliance expands the
structure of the network layer (NWK) and application layer (APL). ZigBee is a kind of micro-power wireless
communication technology, and the characters of some
typical micro-power wireless communication technologies
are listed in TABLE I [6].
B. ZigBee Featues for Smart Grid 1) Low power: In low power standby mode, two AA batteries can be used for 6 months to 2 years. This is an outstanding advantage of ZigBee technology.
2) Low rate: ZigBee works in a rate of 20~250kbps, provides 250kbps (2.4GHz ), 40kbps (915MHz) and 20kbps TABLE I. T YPICAL M ICRO -P OWER W IRELESS C OMMUNICATION T ECHNOLOGIES Standard 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)802.11b (Wi-Fi) 802.15.4
(ZigBee)
Application area Wire substitute Wireless access Monitoring and
control Bandwidth / (kbǜs -1)天开
水库 1000~3000 11000+ 20~250 Transmission distance /m 20(Class 2) 100+(Class 1)100+ 20~70
100+(Amplifier)
Number of
nodes
7 32 25400 Transmitting
power /mA
42(Class 2) 1)
300 30 Memory
overhead /kb
50+ 70+ 40+ Technical advantages Cost, Efficiency Bandwidth, Flexibility Power consumption, Cost
150(Class ˂171
(868MHz) of the original data throughput to meet the demand for low bit rate transmission of data application.
3)Short delay: ZigBee has a faster response. It only takes ZigBee 15ms to wake up from sleeping mode and 30ms to access the network.
4)Self-organization: ZigBee uses self-organization method to form a network with flexible topology. Dynamic routing protocol is used to ensure reliable data transmission. 5)Large scale˖In a ZigBee network, 65,000 nodes can be supported at most. This is adaptable to the complex structure of Smart Grid.
6)High-security: ZigBee provides a three-tier security, including no security settings, using access control list (ACL) or advanced encryption standard (AES-128) to ensure a high-level security [7].
III.P ROSPECTS A NALYSIS O F Z IGBEE A PPLICATIONS F OR
S MART G RID
A.Smart Grid Conceptual Model
Smart Grid will enable fully automated configuration and management of power generation, transmission, distribution, storage and consumption, and turn the power grid into a high-speed, two-way, real-time, dynamic, interactive information network with a combination of energy network. The t
op-level conceptual model of smart grid is shown in F ig.1[8]. Power generation, transmission, distribution and consumption are not only linked by the electrical interfaces, but also linked by the secure communication interfaces, furthermore, the markets, operations and service providers are closely linked with each other and with the above four sections to make up an interactive power communication network. In consideration of the distributed power generation in Smart Grid, each of these electrical and communication interfaces may be bi-directional. ZigBee technology can be embedded into generation, transmission, distribution, consumption sectors to provide accurate and dependable monitoring data for reliable Smart Grid operation.
我送你的花你能接受吗Smart Grid covers Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Advanced Distribution Operation (ADO), Advanced Transmission Operation (ATO) and Advanced Asset Management (AAM) [9]. AMI, ADO, ATO and AAM cooperate closely to realize the aim of improving reliability,
power quality, compatibility, network asset utilization, Figure 1.
闰年 墨西哥版
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Smart Grid Conceptual Model – Top Level
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These features and benefits can not only reduce the peak load on the utility grid, but also help the home owners make smart decisions about their energy usage.
C. ZigBee Sensor Network for Locating Fault in Smart Grid
The main function of Advanced Distribution Operation (ADO) in Smart Grid is to enable a self-healin
g system [9]. In order to achieve this goal, the distribution network should be given real-time monitoring, and then to deploy ZigBee sensor nodes in the distribution network is a way to make a predictable and fast response.
Reference [10] proposed a wireless sensor network based fault locating scheme for distribution lines, using the ratio of fault phase current amplitude difference between adjacent nodes to the corresponding non-fault phase current amplitude difference between adjacent nodes to achieve precise fault location.
The fault locating principle is shown in Fig. 3. The figure shows a network with an ungrounded neutral in the upper part of Fig. 3 and a network with a compensated neutral in the lower part of Fig. 3. Wireless sensors nodes are the black boxes. The dotted lines denote the path of the fault currents. The gray areas show the fault current distribution that originates from the evenly distributed earth capacitances of phase wires.
If 0
mj i is a sample of the current before the fault, and mj i is a sample of the current during the fault of sensor j , and if ϕ is the phase shift between the samples, the fault current amplitude (expressed as
mj I Δ
) can be calculated as:
0mj mj mj I I I Δ=−=
A12A1A2
A23A2A3B12B1B2B23B2B3C12
C1C2C23C2C3I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I Δ=Δ−Δ°
Δ=Δ−Δ°°
Δ=Δ−Δ°®
Δ=Δ−Δ°°Δ=Δ−Δ°°Δ=Δ−Δ¯
(2) Assume that an earth fault has occurred between node C1 and C2, the following slightly simplified relations hold ˖
A23B23C23C12A12C12
B12I I I I K I I K I
Δ≈Δ≈Δ°Δ≥Δ®°Δ≥Δ¯ (3) K gives the sensitivity of the fault locating method. If:
221212(C ,C )/(A ,A )k =ΔΔ (4)
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According to the k value, the fault location for
distribution lines can be realized.
D. ZigBee Technology for UHV Transmission Lines Monitoring
China will construct a strong Smart Grid with informationization, automation and interactivity features. Ultra High Voltage (UHV) network is regarded as the backbone frame for the strong Smart Grid [11]. To monitor the UHV transmission lines is a component of ATO in Smart Gird and it is a necessary measure to provide the lines with security, stability and reliable operation. The transmission lines monitoring system mainly collects the environmental parameters of the lines and towers, including temperature, humidity, pollution, ice, wind and fire, lightning strike, stress
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