1. Colonial American (1607-1765)
Puritanism in America 清教主义
1.Influence
①American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind针织圆机(思维模式),rather than a set of tenets.( ['tɛnɪt] 教义) ②To them, religion was a matter of primary importance.
③They accepted the doctrine of predestination(命运),original sin(原罪),total depravity(堕落),and limited atonement(赎罪) through a special infusion([ɪn'fjuʒn] 神典) of grace from God.[John, Calvin]
④In a word, American Puritans are ready for any misfortune and tragic failures that might lie in wait for them.
2. Colonial America did not always write the way Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor wrote. Some people wrote for civil and religious freedom, and some others wrote for America shaking off(摆脱) the fetter(束缚) of the savage(残酷) and rapacious(贪婪) British colonial rule.
3. Early writers
John Smith A Description of New England《新英格兰叙事》
Anne Bradstreet(first American poet) Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America ( 1650 )《第十位诗神》.
On the Burning of Our House 《写在我家失火之际》
Edward Taylor(finest 出的) 细胞膜的渗透性 Huswifery 《家务》 Upon a Spider Catching a Fly《蜘蛛扑捉苍蝇之遐想》 Chapter 2. The period of Enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800)
1.Eighteenth-century American thinking was dominated by two basic patterns of thought .Toward the latter part of the seventeenth century, a completely new view of the universe came into being.(Deism 自然神论)
2.Benjamin Franklin(Enlightenment thinkers and writers)
1）Poor Richard’s Almanac燃煤发电厂《格言历书》（Maxims格言 and axioms哲理) 2）Autobiography 《自传》
a.It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary (开山之作)American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English.
b.It gives us the simple yet immensely(全面) fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity(卑微) into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man. (自我奋斗成功)
c．Comments
1) First of all, it is a puritan document(清教徒传记). The most famous section describes his scientific scheme of self-examination(审视) and self-improvement(完善).
2) It is also an eloquent elucidation(清楚表明) of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenth century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free(善良自由), by nature endowed(赋予) by God with certain inalienable(不可剥夺的) rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness. 劳埃德
3) It is the pattern of Puritan(典型清教写作风格) simplicity, directness, and concision(明朗). The plainness(平实) of its style, the homeliness(通俗) of imagery(比喻), the simplicity of diction(措词), syntax and expression are some of the salient(突出) features we cannot mistake. 3. Hector St John de Crevecoeur Letters From an American Farmer «美国农人书简» 或者《信札》\
American Romanticism（1800-1865）
Section 1 Early Romantic Period刘湖
What is Romanticism?
A．Romanticism is a literary movement throughout the 19th C and it can be divided into the early period and the late period. Also it remains powerful in contemporary literature and art.
B. It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.
C. Romanticism is associated with imagination and boundlessness, as contrasted with classicism,
D. The most clearly defined romantic literary movement in the U. S. was Transcendentalism.
E. The representatives of the early period includes Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper. Waldo Emerson
Historical Background: 1.American Puritanism 2.New England Transcendental Movement 3.American westward Expansion.
American Romanticism
Features：
(1)American romanticism was in a way derivate: American romantic writing was some of them modelled on English and European works.
(2)American romanticism 湖南电梯门事件is a cultural heritage(文化遗产),American moral values were basically Puritan.
(3)American romanticism was both imitative and independent.
(4)Writers like Emerson and Whitman thought and wrote differently. They calling for the creation of a native American culture and literature, represent“the deeper forces(坚实力量) ”of a Romanticisms at once indigenous(本土化) and universal(广为人知).
1. Washington Irving
-- One of the first American writers to earn an international reputation, an early Romantic writer, and Father of the American short stories, The Father of American Literature ,“the American Goldsmith”
Work：
A History of New York 《纽约外史》（DK）won him wide popularity
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