Pocket formula for mass attenuation coefficient,effective atomic number,and electron density of human tissues
H.C.Manjunatha1•L.Seenappa1
Received:24May2018/Revised:9August2018/Accepted:13September2018
ÓChina Science Publishing&Media Ltd.(Science Press),Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Chinese Nuclear Society and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.2019
Abstract We have proposed a pocket formula for mass attenuation coefficient(l/q),mass energy absorption coefficient(l en/q),and effective atomic number(Z eff)in different tissues of human organs.We have also assigned a new chemical formula for all studied tissues based on their composition.We have introduced a new parameter called effective composition index(C eff).Based on this,we have introduced a new method to compute the effective atomic number.The evaluated photon interaction parameters are graphically represented.The evaluated average,maximum, minimum,and standard deviations of effective atomic number are tabulated.The proposed formula produces a mass attenuation coefficient,mass energy absorption coefficient,and effective atomic number from their composition
Keywords Effective atomic numberÁMass attenuation coefficientÁTissues
1Introduction
These attenuation coefficients are extensively used in shielding and dosimetric computations which are strongly dependent on the energy of photon and composition of elements of interacting medium.The knowledge of atten-uation in tissues is also useful in the mammographic examination which is the most effective method for early diagnosis of breast cancer.The attenuation coefficient and effective atomic number are fundamental parameters in radiology.Literature survey shows that there were several works on theoretical measurements of mass attenuation coefficients of dosimetric interest[1–3].
Hubble and Seltzer[4]gave attenuation coefficients data for the elements and compounds.Berger and Hubbel[2] developed the software called XCOM for calculating mass attenuation coefficients.Gerward et al.[5]developed WinXCom programme to calculate mass attenuation coefficients.Hine[6]introduced the concept of Z eff.This parameter is useful in selecting a tissue substitute.A lit-erature survey shows that some researchers have measured or calculated effective atomic number in biological mate-rials[7–9].
Kurudirek and Onaran[10]studied the Z eff of biomole-cules for electron,proton,alpha particle,and photon inter-actions.Kurudirek[11]also studied Z eff and N e of human tissues.The same workers[12]also studied Z eff of dosimetric materials for different interactions.Previous workers [13–18]measured the X-ray and gamma interaction parameters in some compounds of dosimetric interest.We also reported theoretical studies on the X-ray and gamma interaction parameters of biological samples[19–26].
造船生产
设计Tissue equivalent materials are required for dose dis-tribution studies in the radiotherapy and diagnosis.The photon interaction parameters in the tissues of human organs are important for the preparation of tissue equiva-lent materials.The tissue equivalent materials and tissues should have a similar behaviour with photons. In the present work,we have proposed a new semi-em-pirical formula for photon interaction parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient,mass energy absorption coefficient, and effective atomic number in different tissues of
党的性质和指导思想>帐棚human &H.C.Manjunatha manjunathhc@rediffmail
1Department of Physics,Government College for Women,
西沙岛的
资料嵌入式pcKolar,Karnataka,
India
123 NUCL SCI TECH(2019) 30:36
/10.1007/s41365-019-0565-7
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