1、Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewed biologically, the modern footballer is in reality a member of a hunting group. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goalmouth. If his aim is accurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter's triumph of killing his prey.
To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look at our forefathers. They spent over a million years evolving as cooperative hunters. Their very survival depended on success in the hunting field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies, became greatly changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They cooperated as skillful male group attackers.
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Then about ten thousand years ago, after this immensely long period of hunting their food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, was put t
o a new use--that of controlling and domesticating their prey. The hunt became suddenly out of date. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of the hunt were no longer essential for survival.
The skills and thirst for hunting remained, however, and demanded new outlets. Hunting for sport replaced hunting for necessity. This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation. Instead, the sportsmen set off to test their skill against prey that were no longer essential to their survival. To be sure, the kill may have been eaten but there were other much simpler ways of obtaining a meaty meal.
(1)、The author believes that sporting activities ______.
A：are forms of biological development
B：have actually developed from hunting
C：are essentially forms of taming the prey
D：have changed the ways of hunting
答案： B
(2)、In a football game what is equal to the prey in hunting is ______.
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A：any member of the opposing team
B：the goal
C：The goalmouth
D：the football
答案： C
(3)、For over a million years, our forefathers were basically ______.
A：successful farmers袁菲微博
B：cooperating hunters
C：runners and jumpers
吴作人美术学校 D：skillful sportsmen
答案： B
(4)、The word "operation" (Paragraph 4) refers to ______.
A：sports activities
B：hunting
C：prey killing
D：domesticating animals
答案： B
(5)、Which of the following best summarizes the idea of the passage?
A：It is farming that gives human beings enough leisure time for sporting activities
B：孔子和学生Farming is very important in human civilization because it saves human beings from risks and uncertainties of hunting for survival
C：It is hunting that provides human beings with much simpler ways of obtaining meaty meals
D：Sporting activities satisfy the desire of modern man to exercise hunting skills which his forefathers developed for survival
答案： D
2、Castles were brought to Britain by William the Conqueror, when he invaded England in 1066 from his homeland in France. One of the most powerful ways for William to take control of his new kingdom, which included England, Scotland and Wales, was to have castles built throughout the land. At first, he ordered the construction of very simple castles, called motte and bailey castles.
These early castles consisted of an earthen mound, topped by a tower built of wood. The
bailey was a large area of land enclosed by a shorter fence. Inside the bailey were the main activities of the castle, such as workshops, stables and livestock, household activities, etc., while the tower on the motte was used as the lord's residence and as an observation post. Before long, the earthen castles were replaced by the stone castles, which were much sturdier, did not rot like wood, and also were much more able to withstand any attack by an invader.
From the 11th to 13th centuries the stone castles were booming. They were not just used by the king. Most castles, in fact, were granted by a king to their most loyal knights or barons who fought bravely in battle and supported their king. The king, starting with William the Conqueror, gave his loyal knights vast estates and permission to build castles. In return, he expected these men to control their lands as the king's representative, to keep the local population from rebelling, and to force them to work and pay rent to the lord, who then passed it onto the king. These knights and barons built castles almost everywhere in Britain, served to strike fear into the local peoples, and to symbolize their power and wealth.
明基p50By the 15th century the stone castles began declining. For the one thing, military necessity changed in Great Britain. There was less emphasis placed on defense and more on comfort. Earlier stone houses were gradually modified, or abandoned completely and replaced by great houses of a richer and more relaxed style. The development of firearms and the increasing use of gunpowder, for the other one, also ended the castles' endurance.
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