应对方式问卷
2017年新托福阅读真题详解
枕部
潘金莲之前世今生诱僧
不要抱着过去不放，拒绝新的观念和挑战。以下是店铺为大家搜整理的2017年新托福阅读真题详解，希望能给大家带来帮助!When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressivebehavior. Psychologists have adopted several approaches to understanding aggressivebehavior in people.
The Biological Approach. Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved inaggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. In response to certain stimuli,many animals show instinctive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamus appears to beinvolved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamustriggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals. In people, however, whose brainsare more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts.
An offshoot of the biological approach called sociobiology suggests that aggression is naturaland even desirable for people. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressivebehavior, as genetically determined. Consider Darwin's theory of evolution. Darwin held thatmany more individuals are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood. A strugglefor survival follows. Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with anadvantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genesto the next generation. In many species, such characteristics include aggressiveness. Becauseaggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked toaggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subsequent generations.
The sociobiology view has been attacked on numerous grounds. One is that people's capacityto outwit other species, not their aggressiveness, appears to be the dominant factor inhuman survival. Another is that there is too much variation among people to believe that theyare dominated by, or at the mercy of, aggressive impulses.
The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that innerconflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud,for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations ofdaily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including theirparents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demandsimmediately. Yet children, also fearing their parents' punishment and the loss of parental love,come to repress most aggressive impulses. The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as"steam engines." By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for futureexplosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed towardparents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed towardstrangers later in life.
According to psychodynamic theory, the best ways to prevent harmful aggression may be toencourage less harmful aggression. In the steam-engine analogy, verbal aggression mayvent some of the aggressive steam. So might cheering on one's favorite sports team.Psychoanalysts, therapists adopting a psychodynamic approach, refer to the ventin
g ofaggressive impulses as "catharsis." Catharsis is theorized to be a safety valve. But researchfindings on the usefulness of catharsis are mixed. Some studies suggest that catharsis leadsto reductions in tension and a lowered likelihood of future aggression. Other studies,however, suggest that letting some steam escape actually encourages more aggression lateron.
安徽医科大学学报The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by ourvalues, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, peoplewho believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to actaggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust,or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
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One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasantfeelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically.Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressivel
y or not on thebasis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of otherpeople's motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive peopleoften distort other people's motives. For example, they assume that other people mean themharm when they do not.
Catharsis: In psychodynamic theory, the purging of strong emotions or the relieving oftensions.
Paragraph 2: The Biological Approach. Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear tobe involved in aggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. In response tocertain stimuli, many animals show instinctive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamusappears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of thehypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals. In people, however,whose brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possibleinstincts.
1. According to paragraph 2, what evidence indicates that aggression in animals is relate
d tothe hypothalamus?
○Some aggressive animal species have a highly developed hypothalamus.
○Artificial stimulation of the hypothalamus results in aggression in animals.
○Animals behaving aggressively show increased activity in the hypothalamus.
○Animals who lack a hypothalamus display few aggressive tendencies.
Paragraph 3: An offshoot of the biological approach called sociobiology suggests thataggression is natural and even desirable for people. Sociobiology views much social behavior,including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined. Consider Darwin's theory ofevolution. Darwin held that many more individuals are produced than can find food andsurvive into adulthood. A struggle for survival follows. Those individuals who possesscharacteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are morelikely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation. In many species, suchcharacteristics include aggressiveness. Because aggressive individuals are
more likely tosurvive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked to aggressive behavior are more likely tobe transmitted to subsequent generations.烟焦油
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