<Beowulf>贝奥武夫: the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons
Epic史诗: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.
e.g. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey
Artistic features:
1. Using alliteration头韵
Definition of alliteration: （定义）a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound
2. Using metaphor 暗喻and understatement明抑暗扬的低调陈述
Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas
Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340~1400
(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。) The father of English poetry.
writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.
① <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：
first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English
②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德
③ <porandThe House of Fame>声誉之宫
Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)
Famous three：King Arthur亚瑟王
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 高文爵士和绿衣骑士
Beowulf贝奥武甫
The Renaissance Period
A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.
Renaissance:文艺复兴（定义） the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.南阳核电站
Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:
1. new discoveries in geography and astrology
2. the religious reformation and economic expansion
3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture
The most famous dramatists:
Christopher Marlowe 马洛
William Shakespeare 莎士比亚
1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599
（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。） The poets’ poet. The first to be buried in the Poet’s corner of Westerminster Abbey ① <The Faerie Queene>仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)
The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.可比价
Artistic features:
1. Using Spenserian Stanza
Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter.
② <The Shepherds Calendar>牧人日历
The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.
③ <Amoretti>校园监控系统方案爱情小唱
2. Thomasl More托马斯•莫尔1478~1535
One of the greatest English humanists
①<Utopia>乌托邦n
3. Francisl Bacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626
（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）
Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.n
Writing style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man’s reason.
①<The Advancement of Learning>学术的推进
②<Essays>随笔(famous quotas: <Of studies>)n
The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.
4. Christopherl Marlowe柯里斯托弗•马洛1564~1595
“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama
（完善了无韵体诗。）
Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
①<The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）
②<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝n
③<The Jew of Malta>马耳他的犹太人
5. William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616l
① Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard IIIgdp平减指数 ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII
②Four Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Venice吕宋岛>威尼斯商人
③Four Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白
④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>
Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg
A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works 2
The 17th Century
1. John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674
（诗人、政论家;失明后写 《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。） ①Epics: <Paradise Lost>失乐园n
<Paradisen Regained>复乐园
②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙
③ <Areopagitica>论出版自由n
<The Defence of the English People>为英国人民声辩
④ <On His Blindness>我的失明
This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.
Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.
2. John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688
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