This fact sheet provides a comprehensive beginner’s guide to entries in the APA referencing system. Use these links for more information:APA style, APA style guide to electronic references and APA Style Help. Variations in authors
NOTE: Psychology & Sciences omit page and paragraph numbers in the in-text reference except for direct quotations.大山里的土家娃
Variations in dates, editions, DOIs and web addresses
I. A work with no publication date
‘n.d.’ means ‘no date’. Avoid using works without a date as authentic academic sources are always dated. In-text
Shaw (n.d., p. 106) finds that . . .
One study (Shaw, n.d., p. 106) suggests . . .
References Shaw, O. (n.d.). Reflective learning. London, England: Faber.
J. Edition
If a source is 2nd or later edition, state the edition after the title inside brackets in this format (xx ed.).In-text Writers need to consider . . . (Heffernan, Lincoln, & Atwill, 2001, p. 218) References
Heffernan, J.A.W., Lincoln, E. J., & Atwill, J. (2001). Writing, a college handbook (5th ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
K. The DOIs and URLs
A DOI is a unique set of numbers that provides a permanent link to its location on the Internet. The DOI is located on the first page of the electronic article.
If no DOI, use the home page URL for the electronic journal or book.
For eBooks and journal articles from the UNE server (ezproxy), only the ‘root’ of the URL (host or domain name) is used in the URL.Either of these formats for the DOI in your References is currently acceptable:
doi:10.1177/1084822305284310 (doi only) OR
/10.1177/1084822305284310 (direct link URL with a doi embedded)
Note that the letters doi are lower case, followed by a colon and no space.
Remove the hyperlink (or underline) in a web address in the references by right clicking on the hyperlink. There is no full stop at the end of the une.edu au
Avoid long strings in the URL (ezproxy) by providing only the root of the
Chalker, S., & Weiner, E. (1998). In The Oxford dictionary of English grammar. Retrieved from proxy. une.edu.au /view/10.1093/acref
/9780192800879.001.0001/acref-9780192800879
Examples of some common references in academic writing NOTE: Psychology & Sciences omit page and paragraph numbers in the in-text reference except for direct quotations.
1. Book
(a) print
(b) online (URL)
(c) online (DOI)
Use the DOI if available, otherwise use the URL of the electronic book.
See item K (above) for more information on the DOI or URL In-text
(a) Barrett and Roberts (2002, p. 4) find that the concept . . .
(b) Several levels of consciousness were found (Tart, 1997, p. 37).
(c) Sawyer (2010, para. 12) finds that the influence of peers was . . . References
(a) Barrett, M., & Roberts, L. (2002). Working communication. Milton, Australia:
John Wiley & Sons.
(b) Tart, C.T. (1997). States of consciousness. Retrieved from http//www.
(c) Sawyer, A. (2010). Language socialization in multilingual societies [Kindle DX
version]. doi:10.1037/1076293722
2. Website / web page
(a) author, cite the person who wrote the material.
(b) no author, use the corporation or group.
(c) no group as an author, use the title of the article. In-text, use double quotation marks around the title of the web page, but plain text in the reference list.
No page, use paragraph number (if no paragraph number, use the section title if possible after the author and date).
No date of publication, use n.d. In-text
(a) Heaps (2009, para. 3) states that bias is . . .
(b) The latest study suggests that community based programmes have been
successful (World Health Organisation [WHO], 2002, para. 11).
[First citation (World Health Organisation [WHO], 2002, para. 11)
Later citations (WHO, 2002, para. 11) ]济南铁路局
凯夫拉纤维(c) “Mobile Phone Generations” (2009, para. 7) lists a number of stages in . . . References
(a) Heaps, S. (2009). Writing without bias. Retrieved from www.
(b) World Health Organisation (WHO). (2010). Evidence-based public health
initiatives. Retrieved from /positions/ evidence_based.html
(c)Mobile phone generations. (2010). Retrieved from au/education
/communications/MobilePhones/DevelopmentOfMobiles/MobileGenerations.aspx HINT:When you paste i n the URL, DO NOT ST ART ON A NEW LINE. Paste i t nex t to ‘R etri e ved from’. Then, you can get part of the address to si t on the same l i n e by usi n g a ‘s oft return’(hol d down ‘s hi f t’and tap ‘r eturn’). Try to do thi s before most punctuati o n (except ) i n the DOI or URL address.
3. Journal articles
(a) article in a journal (print)
(b) article in an electronic journal
(Internet)
(c) article with the DOI
Italicise the volume number after the 7, (volume by itself in italics). If (and only if) the journal is one that restarts the page numbering at 1 for each issue, include the issue number in parentheses after the volume 7(3), but do not italicise the issue number.
Use the DOI when citing electronic versions of journal articles (or URL if no DOI).See Variation K above. In-text
(a) Reid and Sand (1987, p. 11) comment that . . .
An earlier study (Reid & Sand, 1987, p. 11) suggests that . . .
(b) Collins (2010, para.12) argues that opposition to . . .
The development of the rule of law occurred first within bureaucratic states
(Collins, 2010, para.12).
(c) Nutrition is an “integral part of effective healing” (Stefanski & Smith, 2006, p. 4). References
(a) Reid, J., & Sand, R. (1987). The wood and the grove. Journal of Mythology, 9,
23–34.
(b) Collins, R. (2010). Geopolitical conditions of internationalism, human rights,
and world law. Journal of Globalization Studies, 1.Retrieved from
/jou rnal/articles/140630
(c) Stefanski, L.S., & Smith, K.J. (2006). The role of nutrition intervention in wound
healing. Home Health Care Management Practice, 18, 293-299.
doi:10.1177/1084822305284310
4. Chapter in an edited book
Write an entry for the author of the chapter. Use the date of publication of the edited book where you found the information.
For an electronic version, include either the DOI as with an online book, or a retrieval statement plus the URL as with a website. In-text
Stories are an essential aspect of therapy (Phillips, 1999, p. 14).
Phillips (1999, p. 14) argues that . . .
References
Phillips, J. (1999). The psychodynamic narrative. In G. Roberts & J. Holmes
(Eds.), Healing stories: Narrative in psychiatry and psychotherapy (pp. 7–
15). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
5. Reading on eReserve (Dixson Library)
Treat the reference as you would any other reference of its type. In-text Keesing (1991, p. 89) defines culture as . . .
References
投机倒把
行政处罚暂行条例Keesing, R. M. (1991). “Culture” and Asian studies. Asian Studies Review, 15, 43–50.
6. Secondary reference
To acknowledge the work of one author that you have found in the work of another.
Record only the work that you have actually seen in the list of r eference s In-text
Gombrich (1983) argues that both art and nature are needs of the mind (as cited
in Norrington, 1989, p. 22).
[Name the author of the idea (and date if known), and give author, date and
page number of the book where you read it.]
References
Norrington, F.G. (1989). New aesthetics: Life in art. London: Faber & Faber.
[Record only the work that you have actually seen in the References.]
7. Government publications
(a) government reports
(b) parliamentary publications
(c) Australian Bureau of Statistics
(ABS)
These may be cited by giving the name of the ministry or agency issuing the publication or report. This is known as the ‘corporate or group author’.
When the author and publisher are the same (e.g. with a corporate author), replace the publisher with the word
‘author’.In-text
(a) The Department’s report (Department of Defence, 2009, p. 3) contains . . .
(b) A report by the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal &
Torres Strait Islander Affairs (2008, para. 25) recommends . . .
(c) In Australia, statistics show that there can be both short and long term risks
from the consumption of alcohol (ABS, 2006, para. 3).
References
(a) Department of Defence. (2009). The loss of HMAS Sydney II. Canberra,
Australia: Author.
(b) House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal & Torres Strait
Islander Affairs. (2008). Open for business: Developing indigenous
enterprises in Australia. Canberra, Australia: Parliament of Australia.
Retrieved from v.au/house/committee/atsia
/indigenousenterprises/report.htm
(c) Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2006). Alcohol consumption in
Australia: A snapshot, 2004-05 (Cat. no. 4832.0.55.001). Retrieved from
www. v.au/ausstats
8. Report (other than government)
(a) society, group, committee
(b) business
Reports from businesses, groups, committees and societies may provide concrete evidence in your writing.
Use organisation name (corporate or group author) if there is no person as author.In-text
(a) In this financial report,Diabetes Australia (2010, p. 5) clarifies the purpose . . .
(b) GM Holden(2010, p. 9) propose that their future will lie . . .
References
(a) Diabetes Australia. (2010). Financial report for the year ended 30 June 2012.
Retrieved from au/PageFiles/618/DA
%20Financial%20Report%20YE%2030.06.12%20Signed%20with%20Audit%20Report.pdf
(b) GM Holden. (2010). Holden business report: Writing our own future. Retrieved
from au/resources/documents/2010_Holden_Business_Report.pdf
9. Paper presented at a conference,
seminar
(a) unpublished
(b) published In-text
(a) Williams and Taji (1990, p. 14) believe . . .
(b) A combination of disciplinary and educational approaches is needed to deal
with student plagiarism (McGowan, 2005, p. 139).
References
(a) Williams, R.R., & Taji, A.M. (1990, June). Factors affecting vitrification —
cytokinin and shoot growth. Paper presented at the International Congress
on Plant Cell and Organ Culture, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
(b) McGowan, U. (2005, December). Educational integrity: A strategic approach to
anti-plagiarism. In Proceedings of the 2nd Educational Integrity Conference.
Newcastle, Australia: University of Newcastle. Retrieved from www
.newcastle.edu.au/conference/apeic/booklet/APEIC05proceeding.pdf
10. Dictionaries / Encyclopedias
(a) d ictionary(author or editor)
(b) e ncyclopedia(author)
(c) dictionary (no author)秦皇岛pm2.5
Page or paragraph numbers may not apply to the in-text reference.
If there is no author, place the title, a word or first few words in the author position in double quotation marks.
Use the word “In” before the title.
无缝钢管穿孔机See Variation K above In-text
(a) A primary verb is one of the three verb types (Chaulker & Weiner, 1998)
(b)AC/DC, formed in 1973, became one of Australia’s best known rock groups
(McFarlane, 1999)
(c)Tmesis involves separating syllables of a word wi th other intervening words, for
example, fan-damn-tastic (“Tmesis”, 2013.) that cause . . .
References
(a) Chalker, S., & Weiner, E. (1998). In The Oxford dictionary of English grammar.
Retrieved from
(b) McFarlane, I. (1999). In Encyclopedia of Australian rock and pop. St Leonards,
Australia: Allen & Unwin.
(c) Tmesis. (n.d.). In Oxford English dictionary online. Retrieved from
As shown in Figure 6, daily extremes in temperature in Australia …(in your writing)
The in-text citation is in the ‘Note.’ below the figure or table.
Maximum Temperatures in Australia 2013 (label)
豫公网安备41160202000603
站长QQ:729038198
关于我们
投诉建议