Literature terms
1Epic : a long narrative poem telling about the deeds
of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.（史诗）
2Romance: It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.（传奇文学） 3Heroic Couplet: the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. (英雄双韵体) 4Iambic Pentameter: is the most common English
meter, in which each foot contains an unaccented
syllable and an accented syllable. (五音步抑扬格) meter 格律 foot音步
5ballad: is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.（歌谣）
6Sonnet: It is a lyric poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.（十四行诗）
7Blank verse: is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme.（无韵诗）
8Soliloquy: an utterance or discourse by a person who is talking to himself/ herself or is disregardful of or oblivious to any hearers present (often used as a device in a drama to disclose a character’s innermost thoughts); 2. the act of talking while or as if alone(独白)
9Classicism: Aesthetic attitudes and principles manifested in the art, architecture, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome and characterized by emphasis on form, simplicity, proportion, and restraint. Classicism was popular in Europe in the 18th century.（古典主义）
单子论
10Neo-classicism: neo-classicism imitated the characteristics of Roman writers, including Horace, Virgil, Cicero, etc., in the days of Augustus. They tried to make English literature conform to rules and principles established by the great Roman and Greek classical writers. In writing plays, they used rhyme and couplet instead of blank verse, observed the trinity --- the unity of time, place and action.（新古典主义）
11An epistolary novel is a novel written as a series of documents. The usual form is letters, although diary entries, newspaper clippings and other documents are sometimes used.（书信体小说）
12Sentimentalism is one of the important trends in English literature of the middle and later decades of the 18th century. It justly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeois
revolutions. It embraces a pessimistic outlook and blames reason and the Industrial Revolution, marked by a sincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken ,expr
opriated peasants.(感伤主义)
Romanticism: Romanticism is a literary trend. It prevails in England during the period 1798-1832. romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groups because of the different attitudes toward the capitalist society.（浪漫主义）
Ode is a lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing, a trait dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner. The form dates back to classical times and is originally intended to be sung at festivals or in plays.
Brief Outline of British Literature：works
1. Early and Medieval English Literature
1) The Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)
National epic: The Song of Beowulf
2) The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1350)
Arthurian Romance: Sir Gawain and
Green Knight
3) Geoffrey Chaucer1340-1400：Messenger of Humanism
The first important realistic writer
“Father” of English poetry
The Canterbury Tales the wife of Bath（巴斯夫人）,
the Knight（骑士）,
the Pardoner（卖赎罪卷者）,
新两个凡是 the Nun’s Priest（尼姑的教士）,
the Prologue（序诗）.
The Romaunt of the Rose 《玫瑰传奇》
The Book of the Duchess 《悼公爵夫人》
Troilus and Criseyde 厦航高郡《特罗伊洛斯和克瑞西德》
Thomas Malory
Morte d’Arthur (Death of Arthur)《亚瑟之死》
William Langland
Piers the Plowman
[Boccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron《十日谈》
Ovid奥维德: 英国工艺美术运动《爱的艺术》《变形记》] rose病毒2. The English Renaissance (16 century)
Thomas More
Utopia
Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛
First person used blank verse
Death of Arthur 《亚瑟之死》
Tamburlaine the Great «帖木儿大帝»
The Jew of Malta «马尔他岛的犹太人»pc133
The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus«浮士德博士的悲剧» Hero and Leander《海洛和利安得》
The Passionate Shepherd to His Love《牧羊人的恋歌》
William Shakespeare
one of the founders of realism in world literature as well as in English literature
Venus and Adonis《维纳斯与安东尼斯》
The Rape of Lucrece《鲁克里斯受辱记》
Four tragedies： Hamlet《哈姆雷特》Othello 《奥塞罗》
King Lear 《李尔王》 Macbeth《麦克白》
Four comedies：A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》As You Like It《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》
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