4.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ. Background Knowledge（背景知识）
1. After the “Glorious Revolution”, England became a constitutional monarchy
and power passed from the King to the Parliament and the cabinet ministers.
The two parties strove for the political power in the parliament, and this became one of the topics for the writers and for people chatting in the coffeehouses. 2. The 18th century witnessed unprecedented technical innovations which
influenced the way of social life as a whole.
3. The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe,
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which emphasized reason and which was of help for the ruling classes who sought the social steadiness.
1. 1688年光荣革命后，英国从此成为君主立宪制国家，权力由国王转向议会和内阁大臣。两党之间的争权夺势成为18世纪文人和中产阶级的话题。
2. 发生于18世纪的工业革命彻底改变了人们的生活。
3. 18世纪同样也是启蒙运动的开始，强调理性的启蒙运动在英国一定程度上有利于统治阶级，因为他们需要稳定的发展环境。 Ⅱ. Literary Features of the Eighteenth Century（十八世纪文学特征）
1. The coffeehouses’ chatting became popular among the middle classes, and
thus appeared the newspapers that provided information of current topics of the time for these people. The typical newspapers is The Spectator collaborated by Addison and Steele.
邮件合并2. Influenced by the Enlightenment, there appeared a group of writers whose works were characterized by emphasis on reason and rules for different genres. These writers included Pope, Addison and Steele, who were also called the neoclassicists.
3. Novel rose and developed in the 18th century and it became an important genre. In the 18th England, the novels were mainly divided into realistic novels, represented by Defoe, Fielding and Swift, and sentimental novels, with Sterne and Goldsmith as the typical writers.
4. In the latter half of 18th century, pre-romanticism rose up, which emphasized emotion and intuition. It gradually took the place of the neoclassicism. Poets like Blake and Burns were the forerunners of the pre-romanticism.
5. Compared with the development of the novel, drama of the 18th century was not聂耳与国歌
a main genre.
1. 中产阶级在咖啡馆对时事的讨论成为时尚，这一现象导致一类专门为这些人提供消遣和指导的报纸的产生。典型代表是艾迪生和斯蒂尔合办的《旁观者》。
2. 受启蒙运动的影响，英国文学出现新流派——新古典主义，他们强调理性和每个文学体裁的固定规
则。新古典主义的代表是蒲伯，艾迪生和斯蒂尔。
3. 英国小说产生于18世纪。主要分为两类：现实主义小说和感伤主义小说。前者代表是笛福，菲尔丁和斯威夫特。后者代表是斯特恩和哥尔德史密斯。 4. 18世纪后半期，前浪漫主义产生，与新古典主义不同的是它强调情感和直觉。代表人物是布莱克和彭斯。
5. 与小说相比，18世纪的戏剧没有那么重要的位置。
Ⅲ. Literary Terms（文学术语）
1. The Enlightment Movement（启蒙运动）
(1) Enlightment movement was a progressive intellectual movement which
flourished in France and swept through Western Europe in the 18th century. (2) Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern
philosophical and artistic ideas.
(3) It celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal
education. Literature at the time became a very popular means of public education.
(1) 启蒙运动是一场进步的思想运动，盛行于法国后在18世纪传播到西欧。
(2) 它的目的是用现代哲学和艺术观点启蒙整个世界。
(3) 崇尚理性平等和科学，提倡大众教育。文学在当时变成了一种非常受欢迎的公众教育的
东方快译手段。
2. Neoclassicism（新古典主义）
(1) The neoclassicists modeled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and tried to
control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works. These neoclassicists include Addison, Steele and Pope of 18th
century. Principles the classicism advocates can be summarized as follows: fixed rules for each genre; emphasizing on reasoning; didactic purpose and urbane manners.
(2) Standards of drama: rhymed couplet instead of blank verse, the three unities of
time, place and action, regularity in construction, and the presentation of types rather than individuals.
(3) Poetry, following the ancient divisions, should be lyric, epic, didactic, satiric or
dramatic, and each class should be guided by some peculiar principles.
(4) Prose should be precise, direct and flexible.
(1) 新古典主义者以希腊和雅典作者为模范，并将从希腊和雅典作品中得到的规则作为自己
创作的固定准则。新古典主义者为十八世纪的艾迪生，斯蒂尔和蒲伯。他们设定了各种体裁的规则。大体上，新古典主义特点如下：固定规则的限制；强调理性；以教导为目的和强调文雅礼貌。
(2) 戏剧标准：偶句诗而非无韵诗；时间、地点和情节的统一；结构的规律性；类型刻画而
非个体刻画。
(3) 诗歌标准：依照古文学分类，诗歌应分为抒情诗、史诗、教诲诗、讽喻诗和戏剧诗，每
一种都应受到特定规律的约束。
(4) 散文标准：精确，直接，灵活。
3. Picaresque Novel（流浪汉小说）
The picaresque novel is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction which is usually satirical and depicts, in realistic and often humorous detail, the adventures of a
roguish hero of low social class who lives by his wits in a corrupt society.
As indicated by its name, this style of novel originated in Spain. Picaresque novel flourished in Europ
e in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and continues to influence modern literature. It is Smollett that often used this genre. His Roderick Random and Humphry Clinker are typical picaresque works.
流浪汉小说是小说的一种。它常用讽刺语气和现实幽默的写法来描写社会地位低下的流浪主人公的冒险经历。
该词源于西班牙语。流浪汉小说在17、18世纪的欧洲盛行，并继续影响现代文学。斯莫莱特常用此体裁，他的《兰登传》和《亨弗利·克林克》是流浪汉小说的典型。
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4. Sentimentalism and Sentimental Novel（感伤主义和感伤主义小说）
The term sentimentalism is used in two senses: (1) An overindulgence in emotion, rather than reason especially the conscious effort to induce emotion in order to enjoy it. (2) An optimistic overemphasis of the goodness of humanity.
The novel of sensibility was developed from this 18th century notion, manifested in the sentimental novel, emphasizing and focusing on an optimistic view of the essential goodness of human nature and emotional feelings. Examples of sentimental novel include Laurence Sterne’s A Sentimental Journey and Oliver Goldsmith’s The Vicar of Wakefield.
感伤主义包括两层含义：（1）过分沉溺于情感，不追求逻辑，特别指有意识地插入情感来享受其中。（2）过于乐观地强调人性之善。
感伤小说来源于感伤主义，强调人性本善和情感，感伤主义小说代表作有斯特恩的《感
伤的旅行》和哥尔德史密斯的《威克菲尔德牧师传》。
5. Pre-Romanticism（前浪漫主义）
In the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of classicism and by the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.
18世纪后期，欧洲兴起了一场新的文学运动，后人称之为浪漫主义复兴。这场运动以反抗古典主义束缚，呼吁情感和激情为特征，以恢复对中世纪文学的兴趣为标志。在英国这场运动表现为诗歌中的前
浪漫主义，其引领人为珀西、麦克菲森和查特顿，代表人物为布莱克和彭斯。
Ⅳ. Major Writers and Works（主要作家和作品）
1. Neoclassicists（新古典主义者）
(1) Addison and Steele（艾迪生和斯蒂尔）
The names of Steel and Addison are linked together by the ties of a life-long friendship and the partnership in literary career. To sum up Steele’s and Addison’s contribution to the English literature：
a. Their writings afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie;
b. they give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century;
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