实验二十七浮游动物和底栖动物的水质监测

实验二十七浮游动物和底栖动物的水质监测附录Ⅰ 常见水生浮游动物检索

1．原生动物

原生动物亚界包括7个门，在淡水中营自由生活的种类主要属于肉鞭门和纤毛门。

原生动物亚界门和纲检索表

1．营养期以伪足或鞭毛为行动工具肉鞭门Sarcomastigophora 2 ································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································营养期间以纤毛为行动工具纤毛门Ciliophora 5

2．营养期以鞭毛为行动工具鞭毛亚门Mastiophora 3 营养期间以伪足为行动工具肉足亚门Sarcodina 4

3．有绿的素体，但也有无的植鞭纲Phytomastigophorea 决不会有绿的素体动鞭纲Zoomastigophorea

4．伪足叶状、指状或丝状，无轴丝根足总纲Rhizopoda 伪足呈辐射状，有轴丝辐足总纲Actinopoda

5．胞口位于顶端、亚顶端或中腹部，无口旁纤毛动基片纲Kinetofragminophorea 胞口常位于腹面或靠近前端，口部纤毛系统有口旁纤毛膜 6

6．口部纤毛系统由右边的口侧膜和左边少量的复合小器（小膜、咽膜、多毛基索）组成寡膜纲Oligohymenophorea 口部纤毛系统由许多在口腔或围口小区中的小膜组成的口围带（AZM ）多膜纲Polyhymenophorea

钢钙板2．轮虫

轮虫动物属轮虫动物门（Rotifera ），约 2000 多种。体长一般在10～500μ，最小仅4μ，最大4 mm 。轮虫（图27-2）体型多样，以长圆形居多。身体多分为头、躯干和尾三部分。头部较宽，其上长有由1～2圈纤毛组成的头冠，能帮助虫体在水中游泳和集食。轮虫虫体透明度高，在消化系统的咽内能清楚地看到一套左右不断开闭的、由角质膜硬化形成的7块咀嚼板组成的复杂结构，称之为咀嚼器，其主要作用是将摄入食物颗粒捣碎。这种咀嚼器为本门动物所特有，其结构在种内稳定，种间差异十分显著。躯干部末端背侧是肛门（泄殖孔），肛门之后就是尾部（又称作足），其功能是起舵的作用。尾的末端常长有1～4个活动趾，用以更好地爬行或抓持。

图27-2 轮虫身体构造模式图

（a）雌体；（b）雄体

1.棒状突起；

2.纤毛环；

3.背触毛；

4.眼点；

5.原肾管；

6.咀嚼器；

7.砧板；

8.卵巢；

9.背甲；

泪血症

10.膀胱；11.泄殖腔；12.尾部；13.趾；14.吸着腺；15.排泄孔；16.肠；17.侧触手；

18.卵黄腺；19.胃；20.消化腺；21.肌肉；22.脑；23.精巢；24.阴茎

头冠（图27-3）和咀嚼器的形态、尾部有无和长短、趾的多少等，是区分轮虫动

物门不同亚目、科、属的重要鉴别特征。

图27-3 轮虫头冠的类型

（a）旋轮虫头冠；（b）须足轮虫头冠；（c）、（d）猪吻轮虫头冠的腹面与侧面观；

（e）晶囊轮虫头冠；（f）巨腕轮虫头冠；（g）聚花轮虫头冠；（h）胶鞘轮虫头冠。

在轮虫动物门的4个亚目中，蛭态亚目的大多数种类分布于陆地和酸沼的苔藓植物上，但也有不少种类经常出现于一般的淡水水体中。单巢目中游泳亚目包括的科、属、种最多，其中最主要的是臂尾科、椎轮科和鼠轮科，腔轮科也有不少种类是淡水水体或生活污水中经常见到的，特别喜栖于草丛或腐殖质较多的水体环境中。簇轮亚目营固着、浮游或底栖爬行生活。胶鞘亚目多数种类营固着生活。

轮虫动物门重要科属（水生）检索表

1．卵巢左右各一、成对；咀嚼器枝型；无侧触手；纵长的身体蠕形，“假体腔”能象

套筒式的伸缩；从未发现雄体双巢目Digononta 蛭态亚目Bdelloidea 4 ··································································································································································································································································································································································································································

·····································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································································卵巢只有一个，不成对；咀嚼器呈各种不同型式，但绝不是枝型；一般都有侧触手的存在；身体虽能伸缩变动，但绝不象套筒式；不少种类已发现有雄体单巢目Monogononta 2

2. 如果有足一定有趾和足腺；头冠非巨腕轮虫型或胶鞘轮虫型

游泳亚目Ploima 8 虽有足但末端绝无趾；自由游动的种类，足的末端有一圈纤毛；足腺两个以上3

3．咀嚼器槌枝型；头冠系巨腕轮虫型或聚花轮虫型（图27-3f ，g ）簇轮亚目Flosculariacea 15 咀嚼器钩型；头冠系胶鞘轮虫型（图27-3h ）胶鞘亚目Collothecacea 胶鞘轮科Collothecidae 17

4．胃和肠填满了大块的合同细胞，中间没有胃腔或肠腔的空隙；食物入胃后在合同

细胞的原生质内形成许多“小弹丸” 宿轮科Habrotrochidae 宿轮属Habrotrocha 胃和肠虽也由合同细胞所组成，但中间皆有消化腔的存在；食物进入消化腔后，不会形成“小弹丸” 5

奶报箱

5．头冠上具有两个很突出显著的（图27-3a ），爬行时两个完全缩入体内；

游泳活泼，不只限于滑翔式一种动作旋轮科Philodinidae 6 头冠上没有两个，仅在头冠前端形成一盘网；爬行时盘网不会缩入体内；游泳时只能做滑翔式的动作盘网轮科Adinetidae

6．身体较长，足部伸得更长；皮层相当光滑，多数有眼点；胎生或卵生7

身体较短，足显著更短；皮层相当粗糙，长有肋条、乳状小凸起、或棘刺；有眼点粗颈轮属Macrotrachela

7．多数有眼点，一对眼点位于背触手前面吻的部分；足较长，末端有趾3个；胎生

轮虫属Rotaria 如有眼点，一对眼点位于背触手后面的脑部；足不很长，末端有趾3～4个；卵生旋轮属Philodina

8．咀嚼器梳型柔轮科Lindiidae 咀嚼器非梳型9

9．咀嚼器槌型或亚槌型10 咀嚼器非槌型或亚槌型11

10．头冠纤毛很发达，口和口围呈漏斗状臂尾科 Brachioindae

头冠纤毛不发达，口和口围非漏斗状腔轮科 Lecanidae

11．咀嚼器杖型12

咀嚼器砧型；头冠晶囊轮虫型（图27-3e ）晶囊轮科Asplanchnidae

12．身体较纵长；足位于身体的最后端13

身体较短宽；足位于身体腹面14

13．趾基无附趾椎轮科 Notommatidae

14．杖型咀嚼器左右总是很不对称鼠轮科Trichocercidae 杖型咀嚼器左右总是对称的疣毛轮科Synchaetidae

15．成年个体营固着生活，至少足部被胶质或管室所围裹或掩蔽着，只有若干形成螺旋桨设计

体的种类营自由生活16 成年个体自由生活，不会形成体；无足或有足，足无任何物质围裹或掩蔽；无趾，只有一圈纤毛镜轮科Testudinellidae

16．头冠系巨腕轮虫型（图27-3f ）；左右两侧原肾管的前端总有一横的原肾管互相联

络簇轮科Flosculariidae 头冠系聚花轮虫型（图27-3g ），左右两侧原肾管的前端并无横的原肾管互相联络聚花轮科 Conochilidae

17．头部漏斗状，具头冠；均有胶鞘18

头部仍为漏斗状，但毫无冠饰的存在；足退化而移向腹面中央，变成一吸盘；无胶鞘箱轮属Cupelopagis

18．漏斗状头冠的边缘伸出5个很细长的、触手状的臂；成体总是固着生活花环轮属Stephanoceros 漏斗状头冠的边缘具有1～7个突出的裂片，没有触手状的臂；成体少数种类营浮游生活胶鞘轮属Colotheca

3. 枝角类

枝角类指节肢动物门、甲壳纲、鳃足亚纲、双甲目、枝角亚目的动物，通称水溞，俗称红虫或鱼虫（图27-4）。它区别于其他甲壳动物的显著特征为：躯体包被于两壳瓣中，体不分节（薄皮溞例外）；头部具一个大复眼；第二触角强大为双肢型；后腹部结构、功能复杂，胸肢4～6对，兼具滤食和呼吸功能。

枝角类大多生活于淡水，仅少数产于海洋，一般营浮游生活，是水体浮游动物的主要组分。枝角类个体不大（体长0.2～10 mm ，一般1～3 mm ），运动速度缓慢，营养丰富，是水产经济动物苗期的重要天然饵料。

图27-4 枝角类模式图

1.颈沟；2吻；3.头盔；4.壳弧；5.腹突；6.尾刚毛；7.后腹部；8.尾爪；9.肛刺；10.壳刺；11.孕育囊中的夏卵；

2.第一触角；1

别巡检2

3.第二触角；1

4.大颚；1

5.上唇；1

6.胸肢；1

7.脑；1

8.视神经节；1

9.复眼；20.动眼肌；

21.单眼；22.食道；23.中肠；24.直肠；25.盲囊；26.心脏；27.颚腺；28.卵巢；29.生殖孔

淡水枝角类分科检索表

1．体长大，不侧扁；具6对近乎圆柱形的游泳肢，其外肢完全退化；冬卵间接发育，

先孵出后期无节幼体单足部Haplopoda 仅1科薄皮溞科Leptodoridae ······························································································································································································································································································································································································································································································

·····································································································体较短，多少侧扁；具5～6对叶片状的胸肢或4对近乎圆柱形的游泳肢，其外肢不退化；冬卵直接发育，不孵出后期无节幼体真枝角部Eucladocera 2

2．躯干部与胸肢全为壳瓣所包被 3

躯干部和胸肢均裸出于壳瓣之外大眼溞总科Polyphemoidea 3（同钩足族 Onychopoda ）9

3．胸肢6对，同形，均呈叶片状仙达溞总科Sidoidea （同栉足族Ctenopoda ）4

胸肢5～6对，前两对呈执握状，其余呈叶片状盘肠溞总科Chiydoroidea （同异足族Anomopoda ）5

4．第2触角不论性别均为双肢型，具游泳刚毛多根仙达溞科Sidiae

雌溞第2触角单肢型，只有游泳刚毛3根；雄溞双肢型，共有游泳刚毛5根（我国尚未发现）单肢溞科Holopedidae

5．第2触角内、外肢均为3节；肠管盘曲，其后部大多有一个盲囊盘肠溞科Chydoridae 第2触角外肢4节（除基合溞属 Bosminopsis 为3节外），内肢3节；肠管大多不盘曲，其后部无盲囊 (6)

6．第1触角呈吻状尖突，不能活动；嗅毛位于靠近第1触角基部的前侧象鼻溞科 Bosminidae ··················

第1触角不呈吻状尖突；嗅毛位于第1触角的末端7

7．壳弧非常发达；雌溞的第1触角短小，不能活动溞科Daphniidae

壳弧不发达或缺少；雌雄两性的第1触角长而能动8

8．后腹部上肛刺的周缘有羽状毛，最末一个肛刺分叉裸腹溞科Moinidae

后腹部上肛刺的周缘无羽状毛，也不分叉粗毛溞科Macrothricidae

9．尾突短，最长也比尾刚毛短；腹部短而尖（海产）圆囊溞科Podonidae

尾突长，显然超过尾刚毛；腹部较长，圆柱形或圆形10

10．尾突比尾刚毛稍长；无尾爪；第1游泳肢比第2游泳肢稍长大眼溞科Polyphemidae 尾突比尾刚毛长得多；有尾爪；第1游泳肢显著长于第2游泳肢长棘溞科Cercopagidae

4. 桡足类

翻模机桡足类隶属节肢动物门、甲壳纲、桡足亚纲。一般营浮游生活，分布很广。体长不超过3 mm ，身体纵长，分节明显，由16～17个体节组成，由于愈合，一般不超过11节（图27-5）。体节分较宽的头胸部和较狭的腹部。淡水桡足类大多数种类为一般幼鱼和某些经济鱼类的直接或间接的摄食对象。也常被作为水体污染程度的指示生物。

图27-5 桡足类模式图

1.感觉棒；

2.前器官；

3.额角；

4.上唇；

5.下唇；

6.头节；

7.第1胸节；

8.第2胸节；

9.第3胸节；10.第4胸节；11.第5胸节；12.第5胸足；13.生殖节；14.第2腹节；

15.第3腹节；16.尾节；17.内缘尾叉刚毛；18.末端尾叉刚毛；19.第1触角；

20.第2触角；21.大颚；22.第1小颚；23.第2小颚；24.颚足；25.第1胸足；

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实验二十七 浮游动物和底栖动物的水质监测

实验二十七浮游动物和底栖动物的水质监测