Design principle and analyses of the motion
characteristics of4H-2type peanut harvester
Shang Shuqi,Wang Jiangang,Wang Fangyan,Liu Shuguang,Jiang Yuanzhi (EngineeringSchool,LaiyangAgricultural University,Laiyang,Shandong265200,China) Abstract: The structure, working principle and design of main parts of the 4H-2 type peanut harvester were described andanalyzed, and the kinematics model of the main work parts was founded. On the basis of the optimized structure, therepresentative tracks of the work parts were described by means of Visual Basic and SPSS software and the machinefunction characteristics. The theoretical foundation has been provided for further study of this kind of machines.
Key words: Peanut harvester; design principle; motion characteristics
CLC number: S225.73 Document Code: A Article ID:1002-6819(2005)01-0087-05
1 Introduction
The peanut is one of the main oil plants in the world, which is only inferior to soybean but ranks the second for oil production and international trade.For a long time, the planting, harvesting and processinkyx
g of peanut were mostly completed by manual work. It is a piece of labored work with low efficiency, which affects the peanut production seriously. Especially in the last few years, as the transferring surplus rural labors to urban areas, the contradiction of each link of peanut production is more intensifying, the mechanization of the peanut production becomes particularly important.
捞泥It has been a long time for researching and developing the peanut harvesters in developed countries, it is a typical representative that the LP-2 type peanut harvester and peanut combine harvester of "Courtesy lf Lilli ston Mfg. Co." in the United States and PH-2 type peanut harvester of Michigan in Netherlands. The development of peanut harvester in China is later than that in developed countries, perhaps the beginning of the 1960s. Since the 1970s, many representative mimic peanut harvesters were introduced into China such as the Dongfeng 69 type, 4HW-800 type and 4H-150 type peanut harvester etc.These products bring convenience for harvesting peanut, but the structure of all current harvesters adopted the two steps of harvest principle—scoop and separating chain combine together. These machines have to match with the medium-big power tractors. It is not only complex in structure, higher manufacturing costs, more power consumption, poor reliability, but also higher harvesting loss rate, peanut vines spread disorderly, and inconvenient for manual collection. It is not suitable for the current requirement of peanut harvesting and results in
that the harvesting of peanut is almost completed by manual work at present. The mechanization level of peanut harvesting affected the development of the peanut production seriously.
2 Structure design of the peanut harvester
Analysis of the whole machine structure
4H-2 type peanut harvester combines with the advanced method of planting and agricultural requirement, which can harvest two rows at one working stroke. It matches with the 8.8~13.0 kW small four-wheel tractors. 4H-2 type peanut harvester is composed of gaging wheel, transmission shaft, eccentric wheel, pitman, long rocker-arm, erect axis, harvesting parts, long pitman, rocker-arm, mounting device and frame etc. The figure 2 shows its structure.
1.gaging wheel
2.joint coupling
5.long rocker-arm
6.long pitman
< axis 10.harvester ricwheel 12.pitman 13.harvest part 14.frame
Fig.2 Diagram of peanut harvester
The driving power needed of the work parts of 4H-2 type peanut harvester comes from the PTO of tr
actor. When the machine with tractor goes forward, the PTO drives eccentric wheel 11 pass through joint coupling 2 and transmission shaft 3. Then eccentric wheel 11 drives long rocker-arm 5 to move pass through pitman 12. As erect axis 4 and harvest parts 13 are made together, rocker 8 with long pitman 6 and long rocker-arm 5 constitute an inverse parallelogram mechanism, therefore harvest parts 10 and 13 swing with erect axis 4 and 9 with the same frequency and angle but contrary direction. The working process is: the scoops 10 and 13 digging the peanut out and moving the peanut backward, while the lengthways grids continuously make the fanlike swing, and then break the admixture of soil and peanuts. By this movement the heavy soil sinks down via the grids, and the lighter peanut moves up, so that peanut is separated from soil well. The peanut is moving rearward continuously, finally even laying on the excavated ground, so it is convenient for manual collection.
3：Function characteristics of the harvester
The swing-digging principle and the inverse parallelogram mechanism have been successfully created and applied to 4H-2 type peanut harvester. It had broken the traditional way which is scoop and separate chain to combine together for harvesting.
(1) 4H-2 type peanut harvester should be matched with the small four-wheel tractors which are very
universal. Its design is reasonable, with reliable working, steady function, convenient adjustment, higher adaptability, and this machine can work in various fields and harvest all kinds of peanut.翻罐笼
(2) In harvesting process, plastic film was not broken and easy collected with the peanut stalks. There is none leavings of them on the ground.
(3) As created the swing-digging principle, the whole resistance and the power consumption of the harvester have been reduced. By means of the swing function, the soil with heavy specific gravity sinking passes through the grids, and the peanut with lighter specific gravity moves up, so that the loss rate of peanut was reduced remarkably.
4H-2 type peanut harvester is the new typical agricultural implement for the small scale farms of China and more suitable for Chinese peanut production. This harvester has the simpler structure and lower price. Its various performance indexes are superior to the Standard of technique indexes for peanut harvesting in China. It can bring more economic benefit to the customers.
References
[1] Duan Shufen, Hou Wenguang. The world peanut production and the trade outlook[J]. Chinese agriculture bulletin,1990,6(2):21-25.
[2] Tao Shouxiang. The present condition and outlook of peanut high yield in Shandong province[J]. Peanut science and technology,1993,2:26-29.
[3] Chen Chuanqiang. The broadcast lecture of the mechanization of peanut technique production[R]. The agriculture machinery extension center of Shandong province,2000.
[4] The comprehensive mechanization technique of peanut production. The agricultural technique extension center of Shandong province,1999.
[5] Zhao Ming, et al. Peanut production machinery[M]. The publishing house of Hebei province,1981,81-90.
[6] Sun Yanhao. The peanut production & cultivation. The gold shield publishing house,1991,61-80.
夺刀器[7] Peanut Institute of Shandong province. Peanut [ M ]. Jinan: Science &Technique Publishing House of Shandong Province,1982,46-52.
尚书旗，王方艳，刘曙光，赵忠海，王建春
摘要：通过对国内外花生收获机械的调研与资料检索，综述了用于分段收获的花生挖掘犁、花生收获机和用于联合收获的花生联合收获机的类型及特点。在系统介绍和分析了上述花生收获机械以及用于分段收获中花生摘果机的基础上，从各种机型的工作原理、结构特点、动力配套、性能指标、适应条件等多方面论述了国内外花生收获机械所具有的优势和存在的不足。结合中国加入世贸组织及产业结构调整对花生收获机械带来的挑战与机遇，提出了发展中国花生收获机械化的对策和建议。 关键词：花生收获机械现状发展趋势
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1：引言
花生是广泛栽培的主要油料经济作物，在世界油料生产和国际贸易中仅次于大豆而居于第二位。随着经济的全球化，花生生产无论对我国，还是对世界农业均起着重要的作用。但长期以来，我国花生收获环节基本都是靠人工完成的，劳动强度大，效率低下，制约着我国的花生生产。近几年来，随着农村剩余劳动力的转移，花生播种机械的推广，花生收获与花生生产各环节之间的矛盾突出。实现花生收获过程的机械化作业已成为提高花生生产效益，增加农民收入的重要组成部分。
花生收获机较花生挖掘犁在功能上有了进一步提高，实现了挖掘和果土分离的功能，但仍需人工或机
械捡拾、集运、摘果。国外花生收获机械的研究起步较早，技术也比较先进，多采用两段收获法。较有代表性的是美国Courtesy of Lilli ston Mfg. Co.生产的LP—2型花生收获机、荷兰Michigan生产的PH—2型花生收获机及美国Kelley Manufacturing公司生产的系列花生挖掘机，这些机型均采用挖掘铲与分离链相组合的工作原理。我国对花生收获机的研制是从20世纪60年代开始的，起步较晚。又在20世纪70年代末80年代初从美国引进花生挖掘机的基础上得以发展起来。开始研制花生收获机以来，已有多种类型的样机或产品问世，如东风-69型、4HW-800型、4H-150型花生收获机等，实现了我国花生生产从传统的人力劳动到机械化的部分转变，在我国花生生产机械化的发展过程中起到了一定地积极地作用。其中实际应用的花生收获机型中除东风-69型是收获前人工割蔓外，其余都是带蔓收获。花生收获机中比较典型的是4HW系列花生挖掘机。该系列花生挖掘机可分别与之适应的8.8~11 kW、14~22 kW、36.8 kW等拖拉机配套，可一次完成花生的挖掘、抖土、铺放等工序。
4H 2型花生收获机是目前应用推广较好的机械。该机械适应当前的种植体制，选用农村普遍应用的8.8~13 kW小四轮拖拉机为配套动力，可与多功能花生播种覆膜机配套使用，是唯一可以将残膜同花生一起收起，减少地膜残余量的有效机械。但该收获机的主要参数未进行系统的优化设计与理论分析，特别是重要的传动部件没有进行最佳结构与运动参数的确定。工作时，有关参数需要逐步调试，影响花生收获机的性能与作业质量。为此，进一步从理论上研究4H 2型花生收获机,
对其主要参数进行优化分析，对推动花生产业的发展具有重要意义。
陶瓷纤维管1.限深轮
2.万向节
3.传动轴4、9 立轴 5.长摆杆 6.长
连杆7.悬挂装置8.摆杆10、13 收获部件11.偏心传动
轮12.连杆14.胶带轮15.机架
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工作过程中，花生收获机在拖拉机的牵引下一方面前进，一方面动力通过拖拉机的动力输出轴、万向节2、传动轴3，带动偏心传动轮11以一定的速度转动；偏心胶带轮11则通过连杆12带动长摆杆5运动，随之带动长连杆6、摆杆8运动。由于长摆杆5、摆杆8分别通过立轴4、9与收获部件10、13紧密联接成一体，所以收获部件10、13，将随立轴4、9一起做同频率、反方向摆动。在收获过程中，两收获部件10、13摆动前进，依靠挖掘铲的运动将花生挖出并向后输送。由于挖掘铲后部连接的纵向分离栅条在不停地作扇形摆动，使得被挖起的土壤和花生的混合体松碎。密度大的土壤在运动中从栅条间隙中落下；而密度小的花生荚果，在运动中上浮，实现了花生与土壤良好分离。随后花生植株继续向后归拢输送，最后整齐地平铺在挖掘后的地面。
3 结束语
在一个较长的时期内，中小型花生收获机械将是花生收获机市场上的主导产品。由于中国农机存在一个较长的调整期，花生的机械化收获也将经历从分段收获到联合收获的发展历程。
(1)阐述了花生收获机传动部件的工作原理，提出了传动部件的主要结构参数对花生收获机械的性能影响。
(2)通过传动部件的运动机理与参数分析，得到了该部件主要参数间的关系表达式与传动部件的运动规律，为进一步的分析研究提供了理论依据。
(3)通过对4H 2型花生收获机传动机构的优化分析，简化了机构尺寸，提高了机构的性能与工作可靠性，同时为花生机械研究提供了理论基础。其中，对空间曲柄摆杆传动机构的优化，提高了机械的传动效率，降低了生产成本。优化后的反平行四边形机构保证了该机工作的平稳性，减少了对连杆的调整，简化了机构，为收获机的安装、调试提供了方便。
4H-2型花生收获机采用农村普遍的配套动力，损失率<2%(一般>5%)，收获效
率比人工收获提高15倍，能适应最近几年花生铺膜播种机械化工艺，能够在收花生的同时将地膜收起，减少土壤污染，起到了很好的环保作用。其结构紧凑，性能可靠，主要性能指标已达到了国际先进水平。
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