收稿日期:2002-01-16
基金项目：国家重点基础研究发展规划项目(G1998040800) 作者简介：陆先亮(1962-)，男(汉族)，湖北公安人，高级工程师，从事油气勘探与开发研究，现在石油大学石油工程学院攻读博士学位。
文章编号:1000-5870(2002)05-0012-03
陆先亮1，段新民1，李 琴2，陈清华2，章凤奇2，肖红平2
(1.胜利油田股份公司，山东东营256071; 2.石油大学地球资源与信息学院，山东东营257061)
摘要：为了综合利用露头和岩心观察及描述、钻井显示，缝洞发育带测井识别、地层微电阻率成像测井方法等资料，全面而系统地论述了碳酸盐岩缝洞分布和发育特征，提出了一种关于碳酸盐岩缝洞定量研究的新方法。此方法在塔里木盆地塔河4号油田进行了实际应用，可以半定量地反映缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层的孔隙发育与分布特征，取得了很好的应用效果，该方法具有很好的推广和应用前景。
关键词：碳酸盐岩；缝洞系统；定量研究；塔里木盆地；应用中图分类号:P 588.246;T E 122.23 文献标识码:A
引 言
缝洞研究可以划分为露头区和覆盖区两大领域，与油气勘探开发关系更为密切的是覆盖区缝洞研究。覆盖区的缝洞研究涉及地质、地震、测井、钻井四大学科范畴。地质领域的研究包括露头和岩心的观察描述[1,2]、构造应力场数值模拟[3,4]、断裂带应力场强度因子与声发射试验[5~
7]
等；钻井领域的
研究主要利用钻井放空、井漏、井涌、井喷、气侵、钻时下降等钻井显示现象判别裂缝、溶洞或缝洞发育带[8]；地震领域的研究包括缝洞发育带的地震识别[9~ 11]
、地震属性提取[9]、相干体分析技术[3,12]、横
波分裂技术[13]、叠后三维地震数据体的AVO 及AVA 分析技术[13]、分形分析技术[3,14]等；测井领域的研究包括缝洞发育带测井识别
[15]
、地层微电阻率
成像测井[10,11,16]、斯通利波法[17,18]、人工神经网络法[6,19]、裂缝指示曲线法[20]等。由于其分布规律的复杂性，缝洞研究一直是国际性攻关难题。对于覆盖区碳酸盐岩缝洞研究而言，已有多种方法与技术可以从不同方面确定缝洞系统的发育和分布特征。但有3个方面的制约因素:(1)碳酸盐岩缝洞系统的发育分布规律非常复杂;(2)岩心、钻井资料与测井资料数量有限;(3)缝洞发育与分布的地质尺度非常小，地震、构造应力场模拟等方法对它们难于实现准确预测。因此，此项研究表现为两个方面的不足:(1)由于资料的局限性，导致研究成果的系统性不足;(2)由于
方法技术的局限性，导致研究成果的针对性不足。在现有方法技术的基础上，合理加强对已有方法技术所
取得成果与资料的综合分析利用，无疑会增强研究成果的系统性和针对性。笔者以塔里木盆地塔河4号油田为例，探讨覆盖区碳酸盐岩缝洞定量研究的新方法。文摘卡
1 方法原理
根据裂缝溶洞的发育程度和所占岩石的相对比例，可以把缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层分为裂缝型、溶洞型和缝洞型。这里以裂缝型碳酸盐岩储层为例，说明本方法的原理。
岩心及其孔隙度分析资料、钻井显示资料、地层微电阻率成像测井(FM I)及其他有关资料可反映裂缝发育程度与孔隙度的表征特点，如表1所示。
表1 有关资料对裂缝发育程度与孔隙度的表征
资料类型表征特点
岩心资料可以直观准确地反映裂缝发育程度，且有多种方式通过岩心孔隙度测定准确地反映孔隙度大小
有关测井资料可以划分裂缝发育程度
定量提供孔隙度FM I 测井可以提供裂缝发育程度资料反映裂缝开启及其填充特征钻井显示资料
可以定性地反映裂缝发育程度
上述资料都能够反映裂缝的相对发育程度，通过一定的校正，可以建立不同类型的资料在反映裂缝发育程度方面相对统一的标准。对裂缝发育程度
2002年 第26卷 石油大学学报(自然科学版) Vol.26 No.5 第5期 Journal of the U niversity of Petroleum,China Oct.2002
的研究，实质上是为储层物性(孔隙度、渗透率)研究服务的。通过统计裂缝不同发育程度的孔隙度平均值，可以建立岩心和测井解释成果资料中的裂缝发育程度和孔隙度的关系。以上述不同资料反映裂缝发育程度的相对统一标准为基础，可以得到不同资料关于裂缝不同发育程度的孔隙度平均值，并定义该孔隙度平均值为裂缝发育程度因子。
裂缝发育段在不同井中的分布是随机的，要详细研究储层裂缝发育程度及其分布规律，还必须考虑储层细分层系、分层厚度及其裂缝发育段所占的比例。
综合考虑上述因素，可定义裂缝孔隙因子为 Q 1=E n
i =1
h i H F i
.式中,Q 1为裂缝孔隙因子;n 为裂缝发育段总数;h i
为裂缝发育段的厚度;H 为地层总厚度;F i 为第i 裂缝发育段的裂缝发育程度因子。
类似地，对于裂缝和溶洞均发育的情况，可定义缝洞综合孔隙指数为Q，其计算式为
Q =Q 1+Q 2+Q 3.
式中,Q 1,Q 2,Q 3分别为裂缝孔隙指数、溶洞孔隙指数、缝洞孔隙指数。
2 实际应用
塔河油田是塔里木盆地油气勘探已取得重大突破的油田，奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层为其主力产油层系，储层厚度大，约250m，缝洞发育。对缝洞发育程度和分布规律的认识是决定该油田碳酸盐岩油气勘探成效和开发效果的关键问题。应用研究中实现步骤可概括如下:
(1)将塔河4号油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层的3个岩溶带(地表岩溶带、垂直渗流岩溶带、水平潜流带)进一步细分为10个储层单元。
(2)根据有关测井资料对裂缝、溶洞和缝洞发育程度以及孔隙度的解释结果，计算裂缝、溶洞、缝洞不同发育程度所对应的孔隙度平均值(表2)。
(3)研究测井孔隙度和岩心孔隙度间的相互关系，建立岩心裂缝、溶洞和缝洞发育程度的判别标准，确定岩心段裂缝、溶洞和缝洞发育程度。
(4)参考岩心裂缝、溶洞和缝洞发育程度判别标准，建立地层微电阻率测井的裂缝、溶洞与缝洞发育程度判别标准，确定其裂缝、溶洞和缝洞发育程度。
(5)将具有钻井显示现象段的缝洞发育段归类
为缝洞发育段，确认其缝洞发育程度因子的分布范
围如下：放空段为50~100；强烈井喷、严重井漏段为30~50；井喷、井漏段为15~30；井涌、钻时下降段为10~15；扩径段为5~10。
(6)统计计算裂缝发育程度因子(Q 1)、溶洞发育程度因子(Q 2)和/或缝洞孔隙度因子(Q 3)，以及缝洞发育综合指数(Q )，研究缝洞发育综合指数的平面分布特征。
表2 塔河4号油田不同级别裂缝发育段的
孔隙度均值统计
裂缝发育级别
平均孔隙度U /%
很发育
5.57发育 2.23较发育 2.03欠发育 1.27不发育
1.07
3 效果分析
应用上述方法，系统揭示了该油田奥陶系碳酸
盐岩储层缝洞的发育与分布特点，图1所示为塔河4号油田奥陶系第五储层单元(O 52)缝洞孔隙综合指数的平面分布特征。与该油田已有的有关研究成果相比，运用本方法所取得的成果具有如下显著特征:
(1)反映缝洞发育程度与分布规律具有更强的针对性和系统性。
(2)可以直接且半定量地反映缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层的孔隙发育与分布特点，运用到塔河4号油田的储量标定和油田开发中，计算结果与实际情况吻合程度高，取得了很好的应用效果。
图1 塔河油田下奥陶统(O 52)缝洞
孔隙综合指数分布
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13#第26卷 第5期 陆宪亮等：覆盖区碳酸盐岩缝洞定量研究的一种新方法
4 结束语
应用裂缝、溶洞、缝洞发育程度和孔隙度解释成果的测井资料，岩心观察和地层微电阻率测井资料对常规测井资料作系统标定，并用钻井与录井显示资料作为重要补充，辅以旋回地层学或其他方法进行储层精细划分，获得定量参数，进而可半定量地确定碳酸盐岩储层缝洞发育程度和分布规律。必要时可通过自编软件对孔隙度作出解释，并通过缝洞指示曲线法解释裂缝、溶洞和缝洞的发育程度。这样，即使常规测井资料不具有关于裂缝、溶洞和缝洞发育程度以及孔隙度的解释结果，也可以使用本方法得到相关参数的分布。参考文献:
[1] 陆克政.构造地质学教程[M ].东营：石油大学出版社,
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场数值模拟技术[J].石油地球物理勘探,2000,35(2):155-163.
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学学报,1999,5(1):76-84.
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太古界储层裂缝分布评价[J].矿物岩石,2000,20(1):52-56.
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对数天线
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裂缝性储层特征[J].天然气工业,1999,79(4):5-7.[9] 尹志军，黄述旺，陈崇河.用三维地震资料预测裂缝
[J].石油勘探与开发,1999,26(1):78-80.
[10] 夏义平，柴桂林，汪昌贵，等.塔里木盆地轮南地区下
奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层的控制因素分析[J].现代地质,2000,14(2):185-189.
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育带[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2000,24(4):79-82.
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[J].天然气工业,1997,17(5):16-19.
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陶系古风化壳储集层的分形及灰系统评价[J].石油勘探与开发,2000,27(1):32-34.
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术,1998,22(2):132-136.
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储层测井解释方法[A ].贾润胥.中国塔里木盆地北部油气地质研究(第三辑)[C].武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1991.195-206.
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纵向裂缝发育带[J].测井技术,1999,23(1):38-42.
(责任编辑 刘艳荣)
VAT 测井仪研究项目取得可喜进展
由我校乔文孝教授、鞠晓东教授负责承担的中国石油天然气集团公司/九五0重大科技攻关项目/声速和声衰减测井仪(VAT )研究0，日前，在中国石油天然气集团公司科技发展部组织的阶段检查会议上得到与会专家的高度评价，并获得所有被检查的14个项目中量化测评的最高分。VAT 测井仪课题由石油大学(华东)、西安石油仪器总厂和大庆油田共同承担，我校作为项目长单位在理论和方法创新、关键技术攻关和研究中的组织协调等工作中起到了关键作用。VAT 测井仪既可以进行常规的单极子声波全波测井，又可以进行包括正交偶极子测井在内的偶极横波测井，从而实现了在任意地层的裸眼井和套管井中测量地层的纵、横波波速和地层的各向异性。VAT 是新一代成像测井系列的重要组成部分，是先进测井仪器国产化的重点攻关内容，具有广泛的应用前景。目前，该仪器已成功地进行了现场试验，实现并校验了仪器的设计功能。该项目科技含量高、研发难度大，目前国外只有少数几个大公司能够生产类似仪器，国内尚无研究成功的先例。
(焦念友 供稿)
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14#石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2002年10月
ABSTRACTS
C HAR AC TERIS TIC S OF HY
D ROC AR BON SO URC
E ROC K AN D OIL -SOUR C E C ORRELA TION IN BOX ING A REA O
F DON
G YIN G DEPRES SION /TAN Li -j uan,JIANG You -lu ,S U Cheng -yi and LIANG Shu -yi.Faculty o f Geo -Resource and Information in the University of Petroleum ,China,Dongying 257061/Shiyou Dax ue Xuebao,2002,26(5):1~4
There are two kinds of main hydroc arbon sourc e roc ks in Boxing area,namely the Es 3and Es 4source rocks.The organic geochemistry characteristics of them are different.The petroleum found in Boxing area can be approximately divided into two type s of the Es 3oil and Es 4oil generated from the Es 3hydrocarbon source rock and the Es 4hydrocarbon sourc e rock respectively.The oils in the Gaoqing and Boxing oilfields just belong to the Es 4type,and the oils in the Xiaoying,Qiaozhuang,Liangjialou and Daluhu oilfields belong typically to the Es 3type.The oils in Chunhua oilfield,Jinjia and Zhenglizhuang oilfields were mainly generated from the Es 3sourc e rock
and Es 4sourc e rock.The petroleum in the Es 3and Es 4sections mainly came from the Es 3and Es 4systems,and that of other sections belongs to a mixed type of oil.This kind of mixed source rock shows that in the same pool or in a whole field,the oil may come from the different beds or re -gions in the different layers and blocks.
Key w ords :Dongying sag;hydrocarbon source rock;crude;biological marker;oil source characteristics
C O NTINUITY OF R ESERVO IR IN C HENGBEI 30BURIE
D -HILL D ISTR IC T/W ANG Yu -rong and TANG Hong -san.Geological Scientif ic Research Institute o f Shengli Oilf ield,Dongying 257015/Shiyou Dax ue X uebao,2002,26(5):5~8
The geochemistry analysis on the crude samples obtained from the wells in the Chengbei 30buried -hill reservoir was made.The reservoir c ontinuity of this area w a s discussed.The gas chromatogram fingerprint characteristics of C 9)C 17branched and cyc lic alkane,the light hydrocarbon fingerprint correlation and the light hydrocarbon maturity in the c rude show that the hydrocarbon sources of all w ells in the Chengbei 30buried -hill reservoir are same.The layers are vertically c ontinued in the same well,but not continued in the horizontal direc tion.
Key words :Chengbei oil field;buried -hill reservoir;geochemistry characteristics;crude;chromatogram fingerprint;reservoir continuity
D ISC OV ERY AND GEOLOGIC AL SIGNIF IC AN C
E O
F THE AU XILIARY IND EX HOR IZON IN Ng 1+2OF GUAN -T AO F ORMA TIO N IN GUD AO OIL FIELD/SON
G Shu -j un,WANG Shao -lan,LI Qin,et al.Shengli Oilf ield Stock Comp any ,Dongying 257068/Shiyou Dax ue Xuebao,2002,26(5):9~11
Two auxiliary index horizons were disc overed in Guantao formation of Guda o oil field on the basis of analysis on the log -ging response c haracteristics and seismic characteristics c ombined with the observation of core,the recognition of cyclic stratigraphy boundaries.This work provides a foundation for the studies of the formation,structure,sedimentation and oil distribution,and also gives the references for the substratum division and correlation in the later development period of the oilfields.
Key w ords :Gudao oil field;Guantao formation;auxiliary index horizon;layer correlation
玻璃钢套管
A NEW METHO D FOR QUA NTIT A TIVE S TUDY OF C AR BONA TE F RAC TUR E -C A VITY SYS TEM/L U Xian -liang ,DUAN X in -min,LI Qin,et al.Shengli Oilf ield Stock Company ,Dongying 256071/Shiyou Dax ue Xuebao,2002,26(5):12~14
The varieties of methods and tec hnologies,suc h a s the fracture -cavity description,identification and prediction,were used to desc ribe the features and distribution of frac ture -cavity in the carbonate rocks.The analysis of the current status of fracture -cavity system w as carried out.A new method for the quantitative study of fracture -cavity in carbonate rock was proposed.This new method may comprehensively utilize the data obtained from the studie s of geology,well drilling and logging.Application of this method in No.4oilfield of Tarim Basin shows that it is effective and valuable.
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Vol.26 No.5O ct.2002
Journal of the U niversity of Petro leum,China
汽车膨胀水箱(Edition of Natur al Science)
Key w ords :carbonate rocks;fracture -cavity system;quantitative study;Tarim basin;application
A NALY SIS ON PETROPHY SIC AL F AC IES OF RESERV OIR IN SHENGTUOOIL FIELD WITH A SPEC IAL HIG H W A TER C UT /C HENG H ui -ming,W ANG Duan -p ing and XIA Bing.Geolo gical Scientif ic Research Institute o f
Shengli Oilf ield Company Limited,Dongying 257015/Shiyou Dax ue X uebao,2002,26(5):15~18
The micro sedimentary facies,diagenetic -reservoir facies and the physical propertie s of the reservoirs in Shengtuo oilfield in the stage of the special high waterc ut were analyzed.The petrophysic al facies of rocks were c lassified,and the reser -voirs were evaluated synthetically using the plus method of micro sedimentary facies and diagenetic -re servoir facie s.The influences of the heterogeneity of the pore network and the areas of petrophysical facies on the remaining oil distribution w ere studied.The study results show that in some formations w ith the same origin in Shengtuo oilfield in the sta ge of high w atercut,the present remaining oil is mainly concentrated in the petrophysical facie s with the moderate properties and a high heterogeneity of pore netw ork.The average w ater cut of the new oil w ells distributed in those areas w as lower than that of the old oil wells by 13.1%,which shows the possibility for predicting the remaining oil distribution by using reservoir petrophysical facies.
Key w ords :Shengtuo oil field;reservoir;micro sedimentary facies;diagenesis;diagenetic -reservoir facie s;petrophysical facies;high water cut;remaining oil distribution
A NEW METHOD FOR C LASS IFY ING FLO W UNITS WITH FU ZZY CLUS TERIN G A ND FUZZY R ECO GNITION METHOD S/Z HAN G Xiang -z hong,W U Xin -song and XIONG Qi -hua.Scho ol o f Resource and Inf ormation Technolo -gy in the University of Petroleum,China,Beijing 102249/Shiyou Dax ue Xuebao,2002,26(5):19~22
ca1521航班The general fuzzy clustering method used to classify the flow units w ill cause the mismatc h of the clustering parameters w ith eac h other.A new method based on c ombination of the fuzzy clustering and fuzzy rec ognition methods for classifying the flow units w a s presented.The application of the new method in C9well distric t of CN oilfield show s that this new method can perfectly avoid mismatch of the parameters for cla ssifying the flow units and may be c ombined with intelligent knowledge.The classification results of the new method w ill be more agreeable with the production practic e.Key w ords :fuzzy clustering method;fuzzy rec ognition method;flow unit;classification
S IMULA TION OF HYD ROC AR BON GENERA TIO N AND EX PULSIO N C HARA C TERISTIC S OF SOU RC E ROC KS IN Q AIDAM BA SIN /ZUO Sheng -j ie,PANG Xiong -qi,Z HOU Rui -nian and
JIANG Zhen -x ue.Basin and Reservoir Research Center in the University o f Petroleum,China,Beij ing 102249/Shiyou Daxue Xuebao,2002,26(5):23~27The characteristics of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion of the sourc e rocks in Qaidam basin were experimentally stud -ied by means of the ho-t pressure physical simulation method and the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold theory.Based on the simulation results,a chart for distinguishing the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold was e stablished.The study results indicate that:¹Under the geological background,the existing of water -medium favors the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion;ºThere existed a critical depth for hydrocarbon expulsion in the geological history.Hydroc arbon could be ex -pulsed in a large scale only after the source rocks entered into the threshold;»The processes of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from c oal,argillaceous roc ks and carbargillite can be respectively divided into three stage s,including gener -ation and expulsion of gaseous hydrocarbon,liquid hydrocarbon and heavier hydrocarbons,high -temperature cracking gas;¼The source rocks of lower -Ganchaigou group of the Tertiary entered the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold in the depth of about 2250m.The calc ulation shows that the hydrocarbon -generation ratios,hydrocarbon expulsion ratios,hy -drocarbon remaining ratios and hydrocarbon generation and ex pulsion ratios for the above three kinds of sourc e rocks are 10~500kg per ton,0~25kg per ton,5~280kg per ton,and 100~800m 3
per ton,respectively.Key w ords :Qaidam basin;source rock;ho-t pressure physical simulation;hydroc arbon expulsion threshold
F ORW AR D MO DELLINGAND INVER SIO N OF 2-D C R OSS -HOLE ELEC TR OMA
G NETIC FIELD S /WEI Bao -jun and Z HANG Geng -j i.Department o f App lied Physics in the University o f Petroleum ,China,Dongying 257061/Shiyou Daxue Xuebao,2002,26(5):28~31
A modified successive approximation method (MSAM)was presented.The problems of forw ard and inverse of cylindr-i
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无人机测量Journal of the U niversity of Petroleum,China (Edition o f N atural Science)
Vol.26 No.5
Oct.2002
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