Zemplar™
(paricalcitol injection)
Fliptop Vial
DESCRIPTION
Zemplar™ (paricalcitol injection) is a synthetically manufactured vitamin D analog. It is available as a sterile, clear, colorless, aqueous solution for intravenous injection. Each mL contains paricalcitol, 5 mcg; propylene glycol, 30% (v/v); and alcohol, 20% (v/v).
Paricalcitol is a white powder chemically designated as
19-nor-1a,3ß,25-trihydroxy-9,10-secoergosta-5(Z),7(E),22(E)-triene and has the following structural formula:
Molecular weight is 416.65.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Mechanism of Action
Paricalcitol is a synthetic vitamin D analog. Vitamin D and paricalcitol have been shown to reduce parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels.
Pharmacokinetics
Distribution
The pharmacokinetics of paricalcitol have been studied in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) requiring hemodialysis.Zemplar™ is administered as an intravenous bolus injection. Within two hours after administering doses ranging from 0.04 to 0.24 mcg/kg, concentrations of paricalcitol decreased rapidly; thereafter, concentrations of paricalcitol declined log-linearly with a mean half-life of about 15 hours. No accumulation of paricalcitol was observed with multiple dosing.
Elimination
In healthy subjects, plasma radioactivity after a single 0.16 mcg/kg intravenous bolus dose of3H-paricalcitol (n=4) was attributed to parent drug. Paricalcitol was eliminated primarily by hepatobiliary excretion, as 74% of the radioactive dose was recovered in feces and only 16%was found in urine.
Metabolism
Several unknown metabolites were detected in both the urine and feces, with no detectable paricalcitol in the urine. These metabolites have not been characterized and have not been identified. Together, these metabolites contributed 51% of the urinary radioactivity and 59%
of the fecal radioactivity.In vitro plasma protein binding of paricalcitol was extensive (>99.9%) and nonsaturable over the concentration range of 1 to 100 ng/mL.
Paricalcitol Pharmacokinetic Characteristics in CRF Patients (0.24 mcg/kg dose) Parameter n Values (Mean ± SD) .
C max (5 min. after bolus)6 1850 ± 664 (pg/mL)
平板
电脑支撑架AUC0- 527382 ± 8230 (pg•hr/mL)
CL5 0.72 ± 0.24 (L/hr)
V ss5 6 ± 2 (L)
Laboratory Tests
In placebo-controlled studies, paricalcitol reduced serum total alkaline phosphatase levels. Special Populations
Paricalcitol pharmacokinetics have not been investigated in special populations (geriatric, pediatric, hepatic insufficiency), or for drug-drug interactions. Pharmacokinetics were not gender-dependent.
Clinical Studies
In three 12-week, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies in chronic renal failure patients on dialysis, the dose of Zemplar™ was started at 0.04 mcg/kg 3 times per week. The dose was increased by 0.04 mcg/kg every 2 weeks until intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels were decreased at least 30% from baseline or a fifth escalation brought the dose to 0.24 mcg/kg, or iPTH fell to less than 100 pg/mL, or the Ca x P product was greater than 75 within any 2 week period, or serum calcium became greater than 11.5 mg/dL at any time.
Patients treated with Zemplar™ achieved a mean iPTH reduction of 30% within 6 weeks. In these studies, there was no significant difference in the incidence of hypercalcemia or hyperphosphatemia between Zemplar™ and placebo-treated patients. The results from these studies are as follows:
Mean (SE) Change Group Baseline Mean From Baseline to (No. of Pts.) (Range)Final Evaluation PTH (pg/mL)Zemplar™ (n=40)783 (291 – 2076)-379 (43.7) .
placebo (n=38)745 (320 – 1671) -69.6 (44.8) . Alkaline Zemplar™ (n=31)150 (40 – 600) -41.5 (10.6) . Phosphatase (U/L)placebo (n=34)169 (56 – 911) +2.6 (10.1) . Calcium (mg/dL)Zemplar
™ (n=40) 9.3 (7.2 – 10.4) +0.47 (0.1) .
placebo (n=38) 9.1 (7.8 – 10.7) +0.02 (0.1) . Phosphorus (mg/dL)Zemplar™ (n=40) 5.8 (3.7 – 10.2) +0.47 (0.3) .
placebo (n=38) 6.0 (2.8 – 8.8) -0.47 (0.3) . Calcium x Zemplar™ (n=40) 54 (32 – 106) +7.9 (2.2) . Phosphorus Product placebo (n=38) 54 (26 – 77) -3.9 (2.3) .
A long-term, open-label safety study of 164 CRF patients (mean dose of 7.5 mcg three times per week), demonstrated that mean serum Ca, P, and Ca x P remained within clinically appropriate ranges with PTH reduction (mean decrease of 323 pg/mL at 13 months).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Zemplar™ is indicated for the prevention and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal failure. Studies in patients with chronic renal failure show that Zemplar™ suppresses PTH levels with no significant difference in the incidence of hypercalcemia or hyperphosphatemia when compared to placebo. However, the serum phosphorus, calcium and calcium x phosphorus product (Ca x P) may increase when Zemplar™ is administered.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Zemplar™ should not be given to patients with evidence of vitamin D toxicity, hypercalcemia, or hypersensitivity to any ingredient in this product (see PRECAUTIONS, General).
WARNINGS
Acute overdose of Zemplar™ may cause hypercalcemia, and require emergency attention. During dose adjustment, serum calcium and phosphorus levels should be monitored closely (e.g., twice weekly). If clinically significant hypercalcemia develops, the dose should be reduced or interrupted. Chronic administration of Zemplar™ may place patients at risk of
hypercalcemia, elevated Ca x P product, and metastatic calcification. Signs and symptoms of vitamin D intoxication associated with hypercalcemia include:
Early
Weakness, headache, somnolence, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, constipation, muscle pain, bone pain, and metallic taste.
Late
Anorexia, weight loss, conjunctivitis (calcific),pancreatitis, photophobia, rhinorrhea, pruritus,hyperthermia, decreased libido, elevated BUN, hypercholesterolemia, elevated AST and ALT, ectopic calcification, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, somnolence, death, and, rarely, overt psychosis.
小型变速箱Treatment of patients with clinically significant hypercalcemia consists of immediate dose reduction or interruption of Zemplar™ therapy and includes a low calcium diet, withdrawal of calcium supplements, patient mobilization, attention to fluid and electrolyte imbalances, assessment of electrocardiographic abnormalities (critical in patients receiving digitalis), and hemodialysis or periton
免蒸
加气砖
eal dialysis against a calcium-free dialysate, as warranted. Serum calcium levels should be monitored frequently until normocalcemia ensues.
Phosphate or vitamin D-related compounds should not be taken concomitantly with Zemplar™.
PRECAUTIONS药草香
General: Digitalis toxicity is potentiated by hypercalcemia of any cause, so caution should be applied when digitalis compounds are prescribed concomitantly with Zemplar™. Adynamic bone lesions may develop if PTH levels are suppressed to abnormal levels. Information for the Patient: The patient should be instructed that, to ensure effectiveness of Zemplar™ therapy, it is important to adhere to a dietary regimen of calcium supplementation and phosphorus restriction. Appropriate types of phosphate-binding compounds may be needed to control serum phosphorus levels in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), but excessive use of aluminum containing compounds should be avoided. Patients should also be carefully informed about the symptoms of elevated calcium.
Essential Laboratory Tests:During the initial phase of medication, serum calcium and phosphorus should be determined frequently (e.g., twice weekly). Once dosage has been established, serum calcium and phosphorus should be measured at least monthly. Measurements of serum or plasma P
TH are recommended every 3 months. An intact PTH (iPTH) assay is recommended for reliable detection of biologically active PTH in patients with CRF. During dose adjustment of Zemplar™, laboratory tests may be required more frequently.
汽车指纹防盗Drug Interactions:Specific interaction studies were not performed. Digitalis toxicity is potentiated by hypercalcemia of any cause, so caution should be applied when digitalis compounds are prescribed concomitantly with Zemplar™. Carcinogenesis,Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility:Long-term studies in animals to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of paricalcitol have not been completed. Paricalcitol did not exhibit genetic toxicity in vitro with or without metabolic activation in the microbial mutagenesis assay (Ames Assay), mouse lymphoma mutagenesis assay (L5178Y), or a human lymphocyte cell chromosomal aberration assay. There was also no evidence of genetic toxicity in an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. Zemplar™ had no effect on fertility (male or female) in rats at intravenous doses up to 20 mcg/kg/dose [equivalent to 13 times the highest recommended human dose (0.24 mcg/kg) based on surface area, mg/m2]. Pregnancy:Pregnancy Category C.Paricalcitol has been shown to cause minimal decreases in fetal viability (5%) when administered daily to rabbits at a dose 0.5 times the
0.24mcg/kg human dose (based on surface area, mg/m2) and when administered to rats at
a dose 2 times the 0.24 mcg/kg human dose (based on plasma levels of exposure). At the highest dose tested (20 mcg/kg 3 times per week in rats,
13 times the 0.24 mcg/kg human dose based on surface area), there was a significant increase of the mortality of newborn rats at doses that were maternally toxic (hypercalcemia). No other effects on offspring development were observed. Paricalcitol was not teratogenic at the doses tested.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Zemplar™ should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether paricalcitol is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Zemplar™ is administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric Use:Safety and efficacy of Zemplar™ in pediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric Use:Of the 40 patients receiving Zemplar™ in the three phase 3 placebo-controlled CRF studies, 10 patients were 65 years or over. In these studies, no overall differences in efficacy or safety were observed between patients 65 years or older and younger patients.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Zemplar™ has been evaluated for safety in clinical studies in 454 CRF patients.
In four, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter studies, discontinuation of therapy due to any adverse event occurred in 6.5% of 62 patients treated with Zemplar™ (dosage titrated as tolerated, see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Clinical Studies) and 2.0% of 51 patients treated with placebo for one to three months. Adverse events occurring with greater frequency in the Zemplar™ group at a frequency of 2% or greater, regardless of causality, are presented in the following table:
Adverse Event Incidence Rates for All Treated Patients
单列调心滚子
轴承In All Placebo-Controlled Studies
Zemplar™ (n=62)Placebo (n=51)
Adverse Event number of events, %number of events, % Overall7178 .
Body as a Whole
Chills5 0
Feeling unwell3 0
Fever5 2
Flu5 4
Sepsis5 2
Cardiovascular System
Palpitation3 0
Digestive System
Dry mouth3 2
Gastrointestinal bleeding5 2
Nausea 13 8
Vomiting8 4
Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders
Edema7 0
Nervous System
Light-headedness5 2
Respiratory System
Pneumonia5 0
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